APUSH 3.9-4.5 TEST

Context for the XYZ affair

- Adams was president
- The French were irritated that we never came to their assistance against the British
- The Federalists were pressuring Adams to go to war with them

XYZ Affair

1797
- Adams tried to negotiate compensation for the losses suffered by US merchants because the French had been seizing US ships
- Three French delegates called X, Y, Z demanded a bribe to initiate talks - everyone in the US considered this an insult
- Adams decided not to declare war

Effects of XYZ Affair

Congress prohibited trade with France and permitted privateering against French ships, which triggered an undeclared war

Privateering ships

Allowed US ships to raid French ships as long as they shared some of the profit with the govenrment

During the undeclared war with France, Congress passed a series of security acts to try to scam vocal criticism. What were these three acts?

Alien Act
Sedition Act
Naturalization Act

Alien Act

1798 - The President could order the arrest or deportation of non-US citizens who criticized the government's policies

Sedition Acts

Outlawed false, scandalous or malicious statements against the President or Congress

Naturalization Act

Raised the residency requirement from 5 years to 10 years in order for someone to become a citizen

Who did the naturalization act target?

Democratic-Republicans
Most immigrants tended to support the Democratic-Republican party, and if you weren't a US citizen, then you couldn't vote

How did Democratic-Republicans respond?

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Kentucky Resolution was written by Thomas Jefferson
Virginia Resolution was written by James Madison
Both were written anonymously so they wouldn't be arrested
They declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts were "void and of no force". They argued for states' rights
They were WRONG - a government couldn't be effective if states could pick and choose which laws they wanted to enforce

Election of 1800

- Adams was incumbent to be president (Federalist party)
- Adams ran with CC Pinckney as his Vice President
- Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran for Democratic-Republican party
- Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 votes because when the electoral college wrote down 2 names, they would do 2 from the same party
- Technically, Burr had a legal claim for presidency

Election of 1800: House of Representatives

- The vote went to the House of Reps and each state got 1 vote
- There were 16 states; they voted 35 times over a 6-day period and it was tied each time
- Hamilton made contact with the House and influenced them to vote for Jefferson because he knew Burr didn't really have core ideals

Effect of Hamilton on Election of 1800

- Jefferson got 10 votes, Burr got 4, 2 states abstained
- Compared to a 8-8 tie
- Jefferson and Hamilton became mortal enemies to Burr
- Burr eventually killed Hamilton in a duel

Jefferson's Inaugural Address

"We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans" Jefferson (a Republican) declared that he wanted to keep the nation unified and avoid partisan conflicts
Shifted the Federalist center into the Democratic-Republican party

Jefferson replaced about half of federal office holders with ________

Democratic-Republicans

Main things that Jefferson did to implement a version of limited federal power (5)

- Repealed whiskey tax because it was bad for Jefferson's supporters
- Let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire
- Reduced government expenditures
- Cut the national debt in half
- Reduced the size of the army and navy

True or false?
Most Federalists hated Jefferson

False
Most respected him

Jefferson and the Barbary states

- Barbary pirates made a living from shipping in the Mediterranean. If countries wanted 'protection' the government would pay a fee and they would steer clear of their ships
- He refused to continue paying the Barbary states, which put a target on every American ship in the Mediterranean
- The Barbary states demanded tribute (bribe) to stop attacks
- American flagpole chopped down (1801). which triggered an undeclared war that lasted until 1805
- Ended with the US paying $60,000 to release American prisoners held by the Barbary pirates
- We still ended up paying the bribe

Haitian Revolution

1791 - enslaved people led by TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE (iykyk) on Saint Domingue, AKA Haiti, launched the first successful slave revolt in history against the French.

Reactions in the US to Haitian Revolution

Southern whites feared that the revolution might incite rebellions among their own enslaved

Jefferson's viewpoint of Napoleon

He generally liked the French, but didn't trust Napoleon at all

Question of ownership of the land west of the Mississippi

- According to the Pinckney treaty, Spain owned it
- There were rumors that Spain had transferred it to France

What did Spain rescind in 1802?

The right of deposit at New Orleans

Napoleon's plan in the Western Empire

- Haiti would allow him to form and army
- He would use the land west of the Mississippi to feed that army
BUT because of TOUSSAINT, yellow fever, and the slave revolt, he changed his mind
- He didn't need the land west of the Mississippi anymore

Context for the Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson sent Monroe to France to offer to purchase the land for $2 million, and $10 million for the city of New Orleans as well. He wanted to ensure the rights of navigation and deposit at New Orleans.
- Napoleon counter-offered with $15 million for the river, New Orleans, AND all the land. He thought Jefferson would love this idea and would give him more money while taking the land off his hands

Jefferson's quandry regarding the Constitution

- The Constitution didn't give them the right to buy all the land - this challenged Jefferson's strict interpretation of the Constitution
- He wanted to make a Constitutional Amendment to make it legal, but Madison said Napoleon was too unreliable and could change his mind at any minute - an Amendment would take months and the deal could get ruined

What did Jefferson use as his justification for the Louisiana Purchase?

The Lynchpin clause!! (remember Hamilton and the establishment of the National Bank)

Why didn't Federalists want us to buy the Louisiana Purchase?

- They favored manufacturing and commerce, which needed workers
- People would choose to have their own piece of land in the west rather than work for long hours for little to no pay
- They kept their workers in the factories by raising the wages - meant less profit for the factory owners
- Either lost their workers or kept their workers at the expense of their profit

Democratic Republicans became _______ constructionists while Federalists became ________ constructionists

Loose
Strict

Louisiana Purchase

December of 1803
Doubled the size of the US, which provided a place to push natives and ended European influence in the region. It guaranteed that the US had access to New Orleans and the Mississippi River, and removed major foreign threats from western boundaries

Who claimed Oregon simultaneously?

- US (said it was part of the Louisiana territory)
- Spain
- Great Britain said it was part of Canada
- Russia said it was theirs (from Alaska)

Territory after the Louisiana Purchase

- Possibility of admission as states
- Followed same blueprint for state admission as the Northwest Territory

Corps of Discovery

Funded by Congress to explore new territory
- Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, who were joined by Sacagawea

York from Lewis/Clark expedition

The only African on the trip who later became a free man

Lewis/Clark expedition

They left St. Louis in 1804 and reached the Pacific in 1805

Zebulon Pike

led an expedition in the southern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory in 1806
- Went to Rocky Mountains and Pike's Peak in Colorado

Why is St. Louis known as the "gateway to the west"?

Pike and Lewis/Clark started their expeditions from St. Louis

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists right before he left office

John Marshall

Appointed as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Related to Jefferson

Marbury v. Madison

1803
- James Madison refused to deliver the appointment papers to several of the appointed judges, one of whom was William Marbury
- He and three others sued Madison

Outcome of Marbury v Madison

- Supreme Court ruled it couldn't force the executive branch to give Marbury his commission
- They also claimed the duty to "say what the law is" and declared that federal laws took precedence over state laws
- By accepting the Court's rule, Jefferson allowed them to get more power because they could now determine what was Constitutional or not
- He 'won' short-term because Marbury didn't get appointed, but lost long-term because he had to yield power

Who did Jefferson first impeach from the Supreme Court?

John Pickering
- Federal district court judge in New Hampshire
- He was an easy target because he was an alcoholic
- He was impeached and found guilty of crimes of misdemeanors

Who did Jefferson try to impeach second from the Supreme Court?

- He was an obnoxious federalist but didn't actually commit any crimes
- Supreme Court refused to convict Chase, which established the independence of the Supreme Court

Aaron Burr and Essex Junto

- In 1802 and 1803, New Englanders opposed territorial expansion and the loss of influence
- They were planning on seceding from the US to make a Northern Confederacy
- They wanted to vote Hamilton as governor of NY and then secede, but Hamilton refused because he wanted to support a strong national government. instead they pitched it to Burr, who supported the Essex Junto
- Hamilton campaigned for Burr's opponent and prevented him from winning. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him before fleeing west

Burr and Wilkinson

Wilkinson was a military governor of upper Louisiana. They worked together to try to separate the western part of the US and unite it with the to-be-conquered Spanish territory west of the Louisiana Purchase. Wilkinson later exposed the plot to Jefferson. Burr was arrested and tried the following year, but the case was dropped because Wilkinson was the only liable witness.

Marshall as Supreme Court Justice

- Considered to be the greatest Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in history
- He served for 34 years from 1801-1835
- Strong Federalist (contracts and strong national government)

McCulloch v Maryland

- The Second Bank of the United States chartered by Congress in 1816. It had branch banks (one of which was located in Maryland)
- Purpose of banks: banks give out loans at high interest rates to make money
- State of Maryland taxed the bank because they wanted to tax the bank's revenue profit
- Question: did the State of Maryland have the right to tax part of the national government?

Ruling of McCulloch v Maryland

- Supreme Court ruled that the creation of a national bank was "necessary and proper" for the functioning of the national government. They concluded that Maryland didn't have a right to tax the bank
o "Power to create implies the power to preserve"
o "The power to tax implies the power to destroy"
- You could tax something into bankruptcy, which would mean you were more powerful than the national government (big no-no). They couldn't have an inferior taxing a superior
· National government over state government

Dartmouth College v Woodward

1819
- Dartmouth College was founded by a British charter, but the charter didn't apply anymore because of the Revolution
- The school wanted to stay private, but people wanted it to be public
- They said they had a contract with the crown of England. Marshall's court protected and upheld the sanctity of these contracts

Gibbons v Ogden

1824
- Interstate Commerce
- There were two different companies carrying passengers between NY and NJ. The state of NY was regulating this raffic
- Gibbons said NY didn't have that authority and the court said that ONLY the national government had the authority to regulate interstate commerce

Why did the US love it at first when Britain and France were at war again?

They were trying to outbid each other for our products, which meant more profit for our economy

Berlin and Milan Decrees

issued by Napoleon stating that neutral ships trading with Britain or obeying the Orders in Council could be seized

Orders in Council

edicts that closed European ports to foreign shipping unless they stopped first in a British port

Berlin and Milan Decrees/Orders in Council

- Made it impossible for the US to trade with France OR England
- Any ship that left the US port for Europe would be in violation of one of these policies

Embargo Act of 1807

Congress passed this to prevent American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain/France repealed the restrictions on US trade
- It said that US ships couldn't trade with European countreis

Effect of the Embargo Act

- Enraged New England merchants who started selling goods to Europe via Canada
- Southerners couldn't sell their products to high bidders anymore

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident

- The British ship the Leopard intercepted the US ship the Chesapeake
- The British intercepted it in US territorial waters and impressed 3 US sailors into the British navy

Peaceable Coercion

Jefferson's not trading with, fighting with or associating with other countries

Internal US Affairs during this time - population, infrastructure

Population was growing and people were moving to the west because the soil was exhausted
Growth of infrastructure as people moved to the west - the government had to facilitate the transfer of products

Growth of infrastructure

- Needed more transportation to bring finished products from the east, raw products from the west
- Turnpikes made it easier for people to travel because they would be on a paved road instead of a muddy one --> fee for taking a turnpike

First turnpike

Lancaster Turnpike from Lancaster --> Philadelphia

First National Road

AKA Cumberland Road
- Congress approved funds for it in 1815, and it was completed in 1818
- Ran from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia
- Carved through the Appalachian Mountains

What mindset allowed the national road to be constructed?

Nationalistic; later on, people would start to say it was up to the states to fund transportation rather than the government

Problem with using rivers as transportation

All rivers flow south (except the Nile) so it doesn't help when trying to get products from New Orleans to the north

Invention of the steam engine

Now we could get products upstream against the current --> far more efficient and effective

Spinning machine

- Weaved raw fiber into fabric
- Before this invention people would weave at home, which was slow and laborious
- In England, they had water-powered machines to do this

Samuel Slater

- English emigrant who built the first weaving factory in the US in Rhode Island in 1790

How did the Embargo have a positive effect on the US economy?

It allowed American manufacturing to get protection from competition and solidify itself, because everyone had to buy American goods

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin and system of interchangeable parts

Invention of the cotton gin - 1793

- In the south, farmers couldn't grow too much cotton at once because it took a lot of time to hand-pick seeds out of the raw cotton
- There was a period of time that the cotton HAD to be de-seeded, otherwise it would become unusable
- Eli Whitney witnessed this problem and came up with a cotton gin, which de-seeded the cotton quicker

Effects of the cotton gin

- Revolutionized the cotton industry in the south
- They could clean as much cotton fiber in one hour as all the slaves on a plantation could clean in a day
- GUARANTEED THE CONTINUATION OF SLAVERY IN THE US

Developments in slavery after the invention of the cotton gin

- We went from having 700,000 slaves in 1790 to 1.5 million slaves in 1820 to 4 million slaves in 1860
- Southern mindset evolved from slavery being a 'necessary evil' to being a 'positive good', which would contribute to the Civil War
- Interdependent relationship between slavery, cotton, and manufacturing
- The number of bales of cotton produced increased by 13,000 per year in the span of just 2 years
- Farmers could now use all their acreage for cotton harvesting

Interchangeable parts

- In the 1790s, every machine was built to its own unique specifications - so if a piece broke, you had to get specific dimensions for the machine and make a new piece
- It was time consuming and expensive
- Whitney decided that machines should be built to the same specifications so everything would be uniform
- Became the model for the American system of manufacturing

Emergence of the middle class

- Growth of manufacturing system --> middle class of blacksmiths, carpenters, etc.
- Had "more equal" (ish) marriages due to a balance of workload
- Wealthier households used servants and labor for domestic tasks
- Jobs moved outside of the house

Henry Clay

- Ran over and over again for presidential election (never won but he didn't give up)
- He was a prominent politician despite losing in the presidential election 4 or 5 times
- After the war of 1812, he envisioned the US as a self-sufficient nation

Henry Clay's self-sufficient nation

- The south grew cotton thanks to the cotton gin
- The north provided manufactured goods through the factory system
- The west provided the food supply (grain and livestock)

Increased conflicts with natives

Southerners wanted more acres of land to plant and harvest cotton --> started pushing natives to the west of Mississippi River

No slave wanted to be sold _____

down the river
(into the deep south - was basically a death sentence because the risk of escape decreased exponentially)

How did the slaves rebel in a way?

They worked slowly, broke tools, faked illnesses and injuries, some ran away

Enslaved people were able to _______, _____, or ___ to improve their diet, and also developed more extensive ___________

fish, hunt, or farm
kinship networks

Herbert Gutman

Discovered that slaves had developed extensive kinship networks
Wrote The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom 1750-1925, which traced plantations and family units that reconnected after the Civil War

William Henry Harrison

Governor of Indiana in 1801 by Jefferson
Engaged natives in a major battle to put down native resistance in the area (aka Battle of Tippecanoe Creek)
Harrison ran for President in 1840

Battle of Tippecanoe Creek

1811
Harrison won over the natives and destroyed the tribal confederacy
When Harrison won, the Prophet and his brother Tecumseh put a curse on Harrison.
Harrison was elected in 1840 but became the first president to die in office (rumor is that he died because of the curse)

1840 Curse of presidency

Since 1840, every president elected every 20 years after 1840 has died in office (Biden??)

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo Act even though it basically did the same thing. It said we could trade with everyone EXCEPT France and England (but they constituted 99% of our trade, so this act didn't really do anything to our economy)

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They thought the only way to resolve Indian problems in the West and South was to conquer Canada and Florida

Macon's Bill No. 2

If England and France removed their restrictions on our trade with the other country, we would trade with them.
This was super dumb logic because it resulted in a deadlock - France said we could trade with Great Britain (so we traded with France), but we didn't trade with Great Britain because they told us we couldn't trade with France (contradictory policies and a big mess in general)

Election of 1812

Madison ran against De Witt Clinton and won

Out of 28 years of Presidency, 24 of those years were filled by ________ as President

Virginians
Washington, Jefferson, and Madison

Why did Madison have to ask Congress for a declaration of war against GB?

He was feeling pressure from the War Hawks, who were from his own party (Democratic-Republican)

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain.

US after declaring war

The US wasn't prepared to launch a major offensive war after cuts in spending, failing tax revenues, and little to no military resources. We faced a lack of credit because Democratic-Republicans didn't re-charter the Bank of the US

Who won originally in the War of 1812?

Britain and the natives
They burned down Washington and almost captured Madison

Francis Scott Key and Fort McHenry

Wrote the Star Spangled Banner
His boat was intercepted by the British and put on the Armada going to Baltimore in the hopes of gaining more control. Fort McHenry guarded Baltimore. The British spent the night bombing the fort trying to get it to surrender. Francis spent the night hoping the flag wouldn't be lowered, because that would mean that we surrendered.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Part of the War of 1812
- 800 Creek warriors killed in the battle, which meant more territory, but overall more native opposition of the war

Who did the British defeat in 1814, increasing their confidence?

Napoleon

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814.
Put an end to the War of 1812. It was negotiated in Belgium. Everything went back to the way things were before the war (no changes to territory)

Battle of New Orleans

- Only major battle we won in the War of 1812
- It actually occurred after the war was over because they didn't get word about the treaty yet
- Took place on January 8, 1815
- 2000 British soldiers killed, 70 Americans killed

Andrew Jackson and the battle of New Orleans

Hero of the Battle of New Orleans. He worked out a deal with a pirate (Lafitte), whose cannons were the main reason we were victorious. Within 13 years he would become President