Adv Biology FINAL EXAM Vocabulary 2023

10% rule of energy

90% of all energy is lost as heat by metabolism of that organism; 10% of the energy is passed on to the next trophic level each time

abiotic

environmental factors that are without life

aerobic

(with oxygen) the cellular respiration process a cell takes if it has access to oxygen

alelle

refers to different versions of a gene

anti

opposite/against

anti-codon

matches the codon on the mRNA molecule ensuring the proper amino acid is brought to the construction site of the ribosome

artificial selection

this is where man selects what traits are desirable (beneficial) in a species

ase

enzyme

asexual reproduction

reproduction involving one parent. The parent is producing clones of itself. Has no variation

auto

self

autotroph

organisms that can produce their own food

bacteriophage

viruses that attack bacteria

bio

life

biome

large ecosystems in general with similar climate conditions; multiple parts of the world

biotic

living things

calvin cycle

(light independent reaction, dark reaction) makes sugar using CO2, ATP, and NADPH

cancer

abnormal cell growth

carbohydrate

a type of macromolecule that is made up of mainly sugars

carrier

organisms that are heterozygous in a genotype; they appear normal, but carry the trait

catabolism

the breaking down of molecules. releases energy; exergonic

centromere

the middle part of a chromosome that holds it together

Chargaff's Rule

a rule that states for all organisms A\=T and C\=G

chloro

green

chlorophyll

a light absorbing pigment found in chloroplasts of plants, algae, and blue-green bacteria

climate

the average weather conditions for an environment

codon

the RNA language that will be translated into polypeptides (proteins)

cohesion

when water bonds to a water molecule

Codominance

information from both alleles is present in the cell, they are both equally present

compound

two or more elements bonded together resulting in new chemical properties to emerge

covalent bond

very strong type of chemical bond; results form sharing electrons between elements to fill both outer shells

crossover

genetic swapping between homologous chromatids

cyclin

molecules that maintain the cell cycle

density

number of organisms in a given area

density dependent

these species numbers are about the number of organisms in a given area because of limited resources; produces an S curve graph; living

diploid

two of each chromosome, full set

dispersion

refers to where within the boundaries the organisms are located

DNA polymerase

an enzyme that performs the addition of new nucleotides to the new DNA complimentary side and acts as a proofreader to help prevent errors

dominant

the allele/trait that is expressed

ecology

the study of the interactions occurring between organisms and their environment

ecosystem

refers to all the interacting communities within a given area plus the abiotic factors contributing to it

electron

subatomic particles that carry a negative charge

electron transport chain

the process where most of the ATP is made

energy coupling

two processes working together to make ATP

enzyme

building blocks that form polymers; also biological catalysts

eu

true

exocytosis

the process of moving materials out of the cell

food chain

demonstrate an orderly flow of who eats whom

frameshift mutation

the whole DNA or mRNA sequence is changed behind the mutation (deletion or insertion)

gamete

sex cells (haploid)

Gel Electrophoresis

a process used to create a DNA fingerprin

geno

genetic

glycolysis

the breaking of glucose into 2 molecules G3P

grana

a stack of thylakoids

helicase

an enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix to make a replication bubble

hetero

other

heterotroph

organisms that consume other organisms

homo

same

hormones

molecules released in one part of the body to travel to another part of the body

Human Genome Project

a project that mapped out the entire DNA genome nucleotide sequence for all humans as a species

hydro

water

hyper

a lot

hypotonic

very little is dissolved in the water

incomplete dominance

information from both alleles is expressed in the cell, appears blended

inter

between

kary

nucleus

karyotype

a physical picture of all your chromosomes

lagging strand

the side of the replication fork that is NOT running in a 5' to 3' direction

leading strand

the strand runs as it is being constructed in a 5' to 3' direction as it opens

light reaction

(light dependent) it changes sunlight into ATP and NADPH (usable chemical energy)

lipid

a macromolecule composed of fatty acid tails and glycerol heads

macro

large

macromolecule

large biological polymers

meiosis

the process of gamete production, occurs in the sex organs of an organism

meso

middle

microevolution

evolution/change on a small scale; usually refers to changes in allele frequency within a population of a species

microfilament

the smallest structures in the cytoskeleton; solid rods that provide a pulling force

micro

small

mitosis

ordinary cell division; nucleus division

mutation

changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that code for a protein

neutron

subatomic particles that carry no charge. located in the nucleus of an atom

non-disjunction

failure to separate chromosomes during Anaphase

non-polar

molecules do not have an electrical charge

organic

dealing with the element carbon; biotic, living

osmosis

the diffusion of water; hypotonic to hypertonic until isotonic (low to high)

passive transport

no energy is used for this process

pedigree

a family history of a trait occurrence in chart form

pheno

physical

phermones

chemical mate attractants released into the environment

phosphorylation

attaching a phosphate ion to a structure to make it work

photo

with light

photon

the units of light energy

photosystem

group of light absorbing pigments in thylakoid membrane

pinocytosis

cell drinking

plasma membrane

flexible semi-permeable membrane that helps control what leaves and enters the cell

plasmid

a small ring of DNA found in bacteria in addition to the main large circular DNA strand found in the nucleoid region

point mutation

a single nucleotide mutates thus affecting a single codon

polar

molecules that do have an electrical charge

poly

many

producer

organisms that can perform photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

product

located on the right side of a chemical equation