APWH 201-300

Terms, People, Dates

Berlin Conference

Recognized European claims to Africa/colonies and resolved disputes. No place for Africans, led to culturally divisive borders

Boer War

Dutch Boers did not want to give up their land and learned about gold and other resources. Fought British for control and lost, allowing for the annexation of Cape Colony to British Empire

Cecil Rhodes

British business of South Africa. Becomes PM of Cape colony and was a passionate imperialist/entrepreneur. Founds what becomes Dabeers diamonds, dreams of **railroad from Cape to Cairo**, comparable to Colossus of Rhodes

What countries in Africa remained independent?

Liberia (US former slaves) and Rthiopia (Menelict II westernizes and imperialists combined with geography’s beats Italians at **Battle of Adwa, humiliating, first time Europeans lost in Africa**

Chinese Decline into the Period of Humiliation

Foreign trade limited under Qianlong but after him, Europeans started to take larger role in trade, British sell illegal opium so opium wars.

Lose opium wars, leads to extrerritoriality and occupation > Taiping Rebellion > Self-Strengthening Fails > Spheres of influence, wars like Sino Japanese and policies like Open Door > Boxer Rebellion > Dowager CiXi attempts reforms but not too successful > Puyi abdicates, Sun Yatsen of Guomindang

Opium War

Brits grow opium in India and illegally flood Chinese markets. Chinese gov reacts but angers British merchants, leading to swift defeat in war.

**Treaty of Nanjing**: first of unfair treaties for trade relations, **extraterritoriality**, Hong Kong, \*spheres of influences\*\*, *gunboat diplomacy*,

CiXi

Chinese empress during late 1800s, helped and was against West, made Chinese unhappy about spheres

***Self Strengthening movement FAILS***

Taiping Rebellion

Peasant revolt that killed millions and almost ended Qing

Sino-Japanese War

Japanese Imperialism, spheres of influence, Korea protectorate

Boxer Rebellion

Xenophobic and nationalist, wanted to get rid of foreigners. Crushed by a combination of European and Chinese troops

Chinese Revolution and Republic

1911, Qing overthrown, Puyi forced to abdicate

Nationalism, **Sun Yixian** declares republic, aims to end foreign domination

Leader of Kumoingtang (KMT) party and sought to promote the ***Three Principles of the People*****: nationalism, socialism and democracy**

Chiang Kai-sehk

Also known as Jiang Jieshi, leader of republic after Sun Yatsen. Conservative in nature and even fascist, did not want to cooperate with communists and initiated civil war

Mao Zedong’s Rise to Power

Communism inspired by the USSR but forges his own (Maoism)

Mao Zedong leads Communist Revolution of 1949 to win over Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek

\***Long March** promotes communism and gains support of country

Eventually takes control of the People’s Republic of China (Republic of China outcasted to Taiwan)

Independent Siam (Thailand)

Preserves independence by acting as a buffer between France and Britain, modernized under *Chulalongkorn*, escaped colonization

Meiji Restoration

Japans opened up by Perry, Treaty of Kanagawa leads to overthrow of Tokugawa

Reinstatement of emperor Meiji

Abolishment of samurai/daimyo

**westernization/industrialization**, selective borrowing

Zaibatsu:banking, industry, factory capitalism

Surge in cultural nationalism:Shintoism

Japan as global power through Wars of imperialism (Russo and Sino)

People like Ito Hirobumi travel to West to bring back ideas/tech

***Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere*** **gives them right to empire**

Luddites

Group of factory workers that rebelled, broke equipment, textile industry

How did China’s interaction with nomads change after 1200?

Turned from tribute and honoring emperor (Confucian ideals) to conquering and reversal of roles as nomads increasingly turned from their position as pastoral trade intermediaries to conquers and administrators

Who were the strongest and weakest powers in Europe by the time of WW1?

Germany: #1 industrial, ready for war

Britain’s lead and global empire slowly declining

Ottoman empire fading as “sick man,” despite surge in **Ottomanism, wants to regain lost territory**

Fading of the Ottoman Empire

Greece and Balkan independence, Egypt independence under Muhamamd Ali

Subject to foreign influence, protected by Britain/France in *Great Game/* ***Crimean War***

Greece and Serbia revolt and are supported by countries like Russia, forced to give indepdence

Attempts at westernization/industrialization: ***Tanzimat Reforms*****, new laws, but limited success and *****Janissaries staged revolts/neglected duties***

GROWTH OF YOUNG TURKS: eventual end after with Ataturk

nationalism, Ottomanism (fails)

***CAPITULATIONS*** **aka extraterritoriality to Europeans**

Reforms in Russia during the 1860s

Influenced by Enlightenment, Tsar Alexander II issues the ***Emancipation Edict*****, abolishing serfdom**

however this did not give entire freedom/ better conditions, done to prevent revolution

Tsar Alexander II **assassinated** by The People’s Will

***Russification*****: Russian nationalism and xenophobic, pushed Russian culture/Russian Orthoxody**

Causes of WWI

MANIA (militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination) but also industrialization, arms races, colonies dragged into war too

British **dreadnoughts**, deadly new military equipment

Central Powers (Triple Alliance but Italy backs out), Allies (Triple Entente): collective security, upset in balance of power

*Ottomans join because they are losing power and want to regain land lost*

Assassination and Immediate Sparks in the Balkans

Gavrilo Princip and the Black Hand group promotes nationalist terorrism and *pan-slavism*, gains support of Russia

*powder keg of Europe because of ethnic differences*

Why was Germany in a bad position in WW1

Fighting a two front war

Why did the US join WW1?

Comes out of isolationist policy because of Zimmerman Telegram and Lusitania sinking (German submarine, unrestricted use)

Why was WW1 so deadly

New tech such as **machine guns**, submarines, tanks, airplanes and gas (**WMD**) were horrific and led to a **stalemate** of trench warfare, civilians were Targeted

BATTLES OF VERSUN AND SOMMES: major offensives launched fo mere yards of gain

Red Baron

**shell shock**

Effects of WW1

WW2, Great Depression and extreme debt, much destruction, over 20 million deaths, rise in Fascism and communism

Devastated youth men, women got more roles on homefront,

Fall of Nations: Germany, Ottomans, Austria-Hungary

creation of new nations

RESENTMENT OF TREATy- Italy, JAPAN ( rise bc of less German colonies\*\*\*\*)

MANIA ALL OVER AGAIN

**mass immigration** to Latin America and other countries because of economic/political instability

influenza pandemic of 1918

***SELF-DETERMINATION- new nations***

How did the Great Depression impact the government and society?

Increased role in society, New Deal of FDR combines socialist/capitalist ideas, welfare state with social programs like medicare, social security, etc

Increase I. Gov control, more heavy spending

Keynes says no more laissez-faire

Unemployment, cycle of credit CRASHES, financial center To NY, fascism from failure of Weimar

Export countries fail (Latin America, Japan)

Formation of modern Turkey

Ataturk as president, promotes new republic that is *secular* and separates muslim church and state, eco reform, DICTATOR

tries to promote unity by making Turkish the language, isolates ethnic kurds and minorities

Why was the League of Nations unsuccessful in stopping WWII?

Didn’t have a military arm and could only condemn actions like Italy taking over Ethiopia and appeasement (Neville Chamberlain)

Benito Mussolini

Socialist who turned to extreme nationalism/fascism

Blackshirt paramilitary group, March on Rome lands him PM, uses media and eventually becomes dictator

Crushed labor unions, later racism,

*Lateran Treaty* brings peace with church and creates Vatican City

Goes imperialistic, brutally attacks Ethiopia (Halie Selassie warns), nationalized industries and forced seizure of wealth

How do fascism and communism differ?

Communism is more focused on classes and equality

Fascism relies more on tradition institutions and the glory of the state, heavily mysogenistic and militaristic, RACE theory

Both lead to dictatorships

Compare and contrast Hitler/Mussolini

Mussolini was less focused on race theory and not aggressively antisemitic but both were totalitarians who used fascism, had names of power like Il Duce and Fuhrer

by using gov control, both solved the economic distress in their countries

What did Hitler believe and why was he supported?

Soldier to leader of socialist party (Nazis weren’t socialist more fascist)

Fails to take over Weimar but eventually does legally and becomes Chancellor

Supported because of economic depression of Treaty of Versailles, built on RACE theories of antisemitism

Nazis tried to reinvigorate economy through rearmament and military strengthening

Eugenics/Holocaust

People could up in promises rather than reality

Mein Kampf: securing the safety/”purity” of the poeple

Appeasement allows him to start WWII and militarize

Nuremburg Laws: Jewish attacks and Persecution

Crystal Night pogroms

Goebbels is propaganda head of state

Hitler Youth

Solved hyperinflation

Mein kampf

written by Hitler in prison, advocated for fascist state, and his ideas of extreme racism/antisemitism

Lebensraum- expand and unite All-German speaking regions of the world- make Germany the global superpower of Europe

**Aryan race/social darwinism**

Cold War

1945-1990s

WWII: Russia and US compete for domination of post-war world, differing ideologies plus arms race (stemming from use of atomic bomb in WWII)

capitalist vs communist countries competing for influence over non-declarative countries like Cuba and Argentina

US takes interventionism policies in Latin America bc of fear of communism

Major Crises: Berlin Blockade, Cuban Missile,

Impacted how former colonial countries acted

Cold War Reactions in American Society

McCarthyism, Red Scare, Trials of sacco and vanzetti, communism is an “evil” word

many USSR spies in American gov/life but American had better spy planes

In USSR: very poor because budget goes to gov (nuclear/space race, etc)

Defection in East Germany and Berlin Wall

Events of WWII

Hitler- invadeds Czecho/Rhineland, Anschiuss

Appeasement fails in Munich “Peace in Our Time”

Nazi-Soviet Pact to avoid two front then take over all the way to France, Battle of Britain then turn on Soviets

Lose to Soviets in winter like Napoleon

WWI on the home front

total war that required immense participation of people

Rationing, war bonds, more women’s rights, gov takes MORE control, fake news and propaganda

Nationalism but also persecution

Why was the US justified in dropping the Atomic Bomb?

Saved US lives from possible invasion, Japanese would not give up until totally defeated (due to their cultural beliefs), wanted to scare USSR in negotiations of Potsdam and Yalta

Precursors to Concentration camps in WWII

Use of concentration camps on Boers in Boer War

Herero and Nama Genocides in modern Namibia by Germans

Armenian Genocide by Ottomans in WW1

Causes of the Russian Revolution

Execution of Tsars, lack of representation, famine, poverty, warfare, economic class differences, (French Rev-like in causes)

**Bloody Sunday, Russo-Japanese war is humiliating, duma/serf emancipation not enough**

*Rasputin* represents what’s wrong with the Tsar family

Russification and persecution, pogroms,

***small middle class prevented from power unlike other societies, and the bourgeoise is where revolution brews***

food, land and war (WWI)

*very similar to French Rev*

Russian Revolution

Alexander II assassinated

1917 March Revolution leads to abdication of Nicholas II, establishment of **provisional gov: council of Soviets**

In November revolution, the Bolsheviks led under Revolutionary Lenin seize power and executes tsar family(coup): April Theses: peace, land and bread

*Red Terror and millions of deaths*

Tsar, provisional, Lenin, Stalin

Russia under Lenin

**war communism: nationalizing banks, industry and church**, ***NEW ECONOMIC POLICY***

**Red Army: Leon Trotsky**

lenin uses CAPITALISM to recover and take over old Russian Empire, ONE party gov,

Pulled out of WWI by signing Brest-Litovsk with Germany

vanguardism- leadership class can manage revolution on behalf of the people (basically dictatorial)

Russia under Stalin

Turns opinion against Trotsky and siezes power

Censorship, propaganda, Russification, COMMAND economy (communism), **Five Year Plans: invest in heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods**

*Collectivization, sought to eliminate wealthy Kulaks in the Holomodor, Great Purge of enemies, gulag*

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Russification/Persecution, progroms

Compare and Contrast Lenin and Stalin

Lenin was a true communist who cared more about equality and classes than Stalin who was a nationalist who uses communism in name only. Focused more on complete gov control and taking over Europe, more oppressive

Treaty of Versailles

Dominated by big three: US (Wilson), Britain (George), France (Clemenceau)

US was focused on keeping peace (14 Points, League of Nations, free trade) but Brits and French want to punish: Have Weimar sign guilty clause/ intense reparations to break up nation

treaty focused on *self determination*

NEW NATIONS: Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia

Causes of WWII

WWI, war debts, fascist dictatorships, appeasement

Communist International (Comintern)

international organization of communism, 1919-1943

Stalin ended it during the Cold War as the Soviets allied with the West against Nazi Germany

Winston Churchhill

Iron Curtain speech denouncing the USSR, did not surrender in WWII and fought freociously in Battle of Britain with RAF

WII End and Effects

Nuremburg Trials - “taking orders” not an excuse

Holocaust,

New tech like planes, tanks and subs leads to millions of civilian deaths

Leads to **Cold War**\* because it sets of Communist spheres of influence in east

Appeasement fail sets up modern terrorist policies (Saddam hussein)

Mexican Revolution

Conflict between conservative landowners and landless peasants (Porfirio Dias seen as pawn for landowners)

During Dias: construction of railroads, industrialization

Suez Canal Crisis

United Arab Republic (Egypt) president Abdel Nassar overthrew more friendly Egyptian king and nationalized Suez Canal, believing taxation of ships should go to the gov

British and French wanted to launch military campaigns but US stopped

Nasser-icon of post-colonialism

West’s Response to Communism

Cold War, proxy wars, Containment via the Truman Doctrine of 1947

Warsaw Pact

Established an iron curtain due to this military alliance

Proxy Wars

Korea (Soviet/China vs UN/US after NK tries to invade SK), Vietnam, El Salvador, etc

Afghanistan- “USSR’s Vietnam War” Soviet-Afghan

**IN AFRICA**: Angolan Civil War, US supported south Africans, USSR supported Cubans,

Somalia supported US, USSR in Ethiopia

influenced numerous civil wars, suez crisis, congo crisis, sudanese civil war, South African border war

What opposition did nationalist leaders face in a post-colonial world?

tried to establish strong international ties (Bandung Conference of 1955) but were contending with Pan-Islam, Pan-Africanism, and Pan-Arabism

How was Africa affected by the Cold War?

Proxy wars such as in Congo and Angola, Non-Alignment movement (Ghana and Egypt), Ethiopia and Mozambique communist bloc,

Western resistance to decolonization and poverty led many to think communism more appealing

John Maynard Keyes

theoretician that argued without government intervention in the economy, breakdowns in the business cycle could condemn humanity to hundreds of years of economic strife

(Great Depression, supported New Deal, etc)

Non-Alignment movement

Opposition movement to prohibit the maintaining of military bases in foreign countries. Supported by Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Tito of Yugoslavia, Abdul Nasser of Egypt and, Algeria, Cuba, and Nkrumah of Ghana. Meant to protect citizens from the consequences of the cold war - **neutrality**

associated with anti-imperialism, racism, apartheid and Zionism

*attempted to reject an international order which they saw as founded on violence*

**Bandung Conference of 1955**

Pan-Africanism

Unite Africans and make them self sufficient, Nkrumah

Partition of India in 1947

British grant independence of Indian colony

Nehru and Jinniah: India and Pakistan: Muslim League in early 1900s, advocates for Muslim state and partition of Indian colony into Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Myanmar based on **religion**

led to continued border disputes

Margaret Thatcher

Spoke a NATO denouncing Russia and wanted to increase defense spending

fostered a free market economy in GB through privatization and deregulation

Like Reagan advocated for more free-market capitalism than gov intervention

End to the Cold War

Easterners unhappy with poverty, strikes in Poland under Lech Walesa’s Solidarity Movement

USSR collapses due to unhappiness with eastern poverty, **peaceful revolts**

Nikita Krushchev

Denounces Stalin as bad for the country but praises the accomplishments of Lenin

says he wants more freedom for USSR but suppresses revolts, gives in to slight reforms

Militarization, Space Race, unsuccessful at revising agricultural programs

Communist Policies in China

institutes programs similar to Stalin like collectivization of farms

Great Leap Forward plan to industrialize faster but severe casualties, one-child policy to limit birthrates (More like a Great Leap BACKWARD) (*Sino-Soviet split because of disagreement over Mao’s polcies*)

communes- pool resources together while men work far away on projects

purged intellectual to check over overestraimted reports of cadres leads to starvation

exports large amounts of grain while people starve to not look weak, projects still failed

Started to get *better* when Mao focused on military (first atomic bomb) and moderate reformers added elements of capitalism

**One Child Policy** to limit population growth

Mao’s reaction to moderates and capitalism

***Cultural*** *Revolution*: rid China of all traces of Western

pure communism, universities shut down, upper middle was imprisoned and “reeducated” *FAILED MISERABLY*

**Compare and contrast Dynastic and communist China**

Confucianism and class-based system was eliminated because of communism, changed the role of family in filial piety because of the destruction of family farms, not sympathetic to *traditional* values of the authority of the state, One Child Policy, as communist China supposedly had equality and advances for women

After Mao

Deng Xiaoping takes over an began to restructure education/economy and opened up to Western ideas

Compare and Contrast Soviet and Chinese Communism

Chinese communism lasted, perhaps because it addressed more of the people as a whole since it sought to cater itself to rural workers

Both countries sought to play up their role as a leader of the people

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Iran-Iraq War

Both USSR and US supported Saddam Hussein’s Iraq

NATO

military and diplomatic alliance in response to Communism, Berlin airlifts, etc

challenges from mutually agreed solutions

Created in ideals of **Truman Doctrine and containment**\*

Cuban Revolution and Missile Crisis

US supports Batista Dictatorship which makes Cubans unhappy, Platt Amendment involves US

Fidel Castro and Che Gueverra communism 1959

JFK with Bay of Pigs Fails, almost nuclear war

Because of this/World Wars, Latin America experiments with militaristic leaders like Argentina’s Peron and Chile’s Pinochet but also socialism (Nicaragua and Guatemala)

Neocolonialism

European countries sought to assert political and economic dominance/depends of former colonies

United Nations

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Had a military arm which helps with enforcement, why it works over League of Nations

Seen as weak by US citizens

Kenyatta and KAU

More violent than Ghana, violent attacks on British by tribes

Conflict in Darfur (Sudan)

Desertification, military conflict by Muslims, genocide, ethnic discrimination

Formation of Israel

Zionist Organization, control of Palestine granted to British by League of Nations, Jews for foreign minister to grant Balfour declaration (right to settle)

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Indian Independence

Mohandas Ghandi leads peace revolts against British, Salt March

INC president 1920

Non-Cooperation & Disobedience Movement

amplified by shortage of supplies by WWII

Cripps mission backfires and does not lead to independence yet, leads to Quit India movement: failed in goal (led to leadership imprisoned) but united people

GHANDI: Ahmisa/ satyagraha - non resistance and peace

CIVIL RIGHTS

\*\*although independence movement was nonviolent, creation of modern states like Pakistan’s rn I dia led to much death/relocation/trans nationalism tensions, etc

Vietnam

Gains independence from Geneva Convention but still in Cold War

Loi Cadre-no longer in France’s sphere of influence

Economic independent because of natural resources like rubber coal tin plus French infrastructure

allows Ho Chi Minh with Viet Cong to militarize

*guerilla warfare,* devastated image of US, but Communist Vietnam takes down Pol Pot in Cambodia

Non-violent reformers of the 20th century

Ghandi, King, Mandela

Mandela

Imprisoned for fighting South African apartheid (segregation of British)

ANC, equal rights for South Africans

eventually successful with combined efforts of international economic/political pressure (boycotting products of whites, etc)

Protest in Tiananmen Square

Chinese students demanded democratic reforms

modern societies have been vulnerable to violence from..

non-government terrorist organization, man of which were political extremists, assassinations, liberators and separatists. Rely on intimidation and fear of citizens

Bettered and ended relations with the USSR

START treaties of reducing nuclear arsenal, fall of the berlin wall and then collapse of soviets-

Post WWI Sentiments

pessimism, unhappiness with government, democracy had failed

Toynbee’s Decline info the West, many predicted another world war

Uncertainty in science has a feeling of lack of stability: Einsteins’s theory of relativity, Heisenburg’s uncertainty principle

\***lost generation of the war, disable and severely impacted (PTSD)**

*existentialism, individualism*

Munich Conference

Italy, Germany, Britain, chamberlain appeases Hitler with parts of Czefhoslovakia

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Germans would not invade Russia and set up plan on how to divide Europe

Anti-Comintern Pact

Japan opposes USSR after leaving League of Nations

Horrors of WWII

Rape of Nanking, POW camps, blotzkrieg, Holocaust

PM of Britain during WWII

Churchill, strong leader who did not give in, Battle of Britain devastated country, but kept Germans from invading

How does Hitler lose

Attack USSr, loses in winter and two front war with US too

How did Us enter WWII

Pearl Harbor bc of trade restrictions

Allied Victory in WWII

Manhattan project, D-day, Truman bombs

WWII Recovery

Marshall Plan of US funding (also to prevent communism), loss of life and infrastructure, DECOLONIZATION (Documents like Loi Cadre of French Colonies and Indian independence) women have more roles because of war,

United Nations

After WWII, replaced League of Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (including children and women), World Vank, International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization: more connected globally thought that less likely for invasion

Germany after WWII

Demilitarized, Yalta Dj Potsdam divide it into spheres of influence

East and West divided because of Cold War

Berlin Blockade and Airlift

Yugoslavia

Slavic nation under Tito, not under USSR but communist

Nuclear Proliferation and Treaties against it

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1968 and International Atomic Energy Agfency (IAEA) in 1957

Pakistan, Israel and North Korea did not join, North Korea has violated and Iran and Iraq have attempted

The Declaration of the Rights of Man

French National Assembly in 1789: emphasized rights of the individual from Enlightenment, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Influential on French Revolution and human rights worldwide, declared that the monarchy and ancien regime was injust

The Jamaica Letter

Written by Simon Bolivar reflecting his promotion of Enlightenment ideals and hopes for a unified latin America (after reflecting on the downsides of the French and American Revolutions), Latin-American representative government, and

Like Declaration of Independence and the Rights of Man, **Resistance, democracy and independence against imperial power**