Acadec Art sec 1 part 9

What is texture?

How things feel/how we think things would feel

What are the two types of texture in art?

Visual and actual

What is visual texture in art?

Perceived texture in a 2D piece of art

What is actual texture in art?

The texture of a 3D piece of art

What are four materials that artists can use in assemblages, collages, and masks to create actual texture?

Yarn, shells, shiny paper, or rope

How can visual texture be created?

By using patterns of lines or shapes that can suggest texture

What can an artist use to create a visual texture that looks rough?

Contrast between light and dark

A surface without contrasts between light and dark would evoke a _______ texture

Smooth

What is a way that painters can achieve actual texture?

With their brushstrokes

What is composition in art?

An artists' organization of elements in their art

What is rhythm associated with?

Movement or pattern

What are four elements that artists can repeat to create a sense of movement or rhythm?

Line, shape, color, texture

What can the rhythm of a composition cause the viewer's eye to do?

Move rhythmically around the canvas

Motif and pattern are two aspects of...

Repetition~

What is a motif, in art?

A single element of a pattern

What will usually underlie a regular pattern?

Some kind of grid system

What is an example of a regular pattern?

A checkerboard

What is balance, in art?

The equal distribution of visual weight across a work of art

What is symmetrical balance?

A type of visual balance where two elements are repeated exactly on both sides of the central axis

What kind of balance do a lot of formal styles of architecture make use of?

Symmetrical balance

What is approximate balance?

Like symmetrical balance, but the objects are a little different

What is asymmetrical balance?

Visual balance achieved through organization/balance of unlike objects

In asymmetrical balance, larger objects might be placed...

Closer to the center

Contrast of what six things can create interest for the eye?

Color, value, shape, size, line, texture

What can create a focal point in a piece of art?

An element that is distinct from the others

What is a focal point in a piece of art?

the place the eye rests

What is proportion in art?

Size relationships between the different elements of a work in an art piece

What is scale in art?

The size relationships between each element in a piece of art and the size of the entire work as a whole

What can "scale" refer to in art? (Besides size relationships)

The overall size of the entire work

When were the standards for human body proportioning in art established?

2500 years ago during the Classical Period in Greece

What did the Greeks think was the measure of all things?

The human body

For the Greeks, the ideal human figure was how many heads high?

Seven and a half

What were the rules for face proportioning made by the Greeks?

Eyes are halfway between top of face and chin, nose is halfway between eyes and chin, lips are halfway between nose and chin

What is arguably the most basic art process?

Drawing

What are the five most common tools used for drawing?

Pencils, ink pens, felt-tip pens, crayon, and charcoal

Drawing is mostly based on the use of...?

Line

What kind of lines will hard pencils make?

Light, thin lines

What kinds of lines will soft pencils make?

Thick lines with variations in value

With pencils or charcoals, what can a change in applied pressure cause?

A change in value

What is shading?

The technique of using different values to give an illusion of 3D-ness

What are three shading techniques?

Hatching, cross-hatching, and stippling

What is hatching?

Using small, parallel lines to shade

What is cross-hatching?

Using crisscrossed lines to shade

What is stippling?

Using bunches of little dots to shade

When using ink, what can be done to make it transparent/have a lighter value?

Making the ink thinner

When did colored pastels become popular?

1700s

What type of painting are colored pastels particularly often used for?

Portraiture

What is the biggest drawback of colored pastels?

They're fragile

What is usually done to pastel drawings to prevent them from smearing?

They're sprayed with a fixative

What is printmaking?

A group of processes that allow the production of multiple original artworks

What are the four main printmaking processes?

Relief prints, intaglio prints, lithographs, and screen prints

What is the printing plate in a printmaking process called?

The matrix

What is relief printmaking?

When the artists cuts bits of stuff away from the matrix, and the parts that are left are dipped in ink and hold it, and then transfer it onto the paper

What are three materials a printing matrix can be made out of?

Wood, linoleum, or a synthetic material

What are three tools that can be used to cut a matrix for relief printmaking?

Woodcarving knives, gouges, and linoleum knives

For relief printmaking, what applies ink to the matrix?

A brayer

In printmaking, after the plate and paper are ready, what can be used to force the ink onto the paper?

A press or a burnisher

What is intaglio printmaking?

Lines are etched or incised into the matrix, and then ink goes into those lines. This ink is then transferred onto the paper

What are two matrix-making processes for intaglio printmaking?

Engraving and etching

What are two materials that can be used for the matrixes in intaglio printmaking?

Wood or soft metal

What is engraving, in intaglio printing?

Lines are cut into the matrix using Conventional Tools like Knives

What is etching, in intaglio printing?

Using acid to cut/etch the lines in matrix

What gives a degree of three dimensionality in intaglio printing?

The raised ink lines

What is lithography printmaking?

The thing where you draw a design on the matrix with a waxy pencil, and then when you dip it in ink the parts covered in pencil marks attract the oil-based ink, which then transfers the design to the paper

What are three things that the matrix for lithography printing can be made out of?

Stone, zinc, or aluminum

What type of printmaking doesn't require special training?

Lithography

What process is used to make t-shirts?

Screen printing

What happens in silk screening?

An image is transferred to a silk or synthetic fabric

How does screen printing work?

The fabric is stretched out, and an image is used as a sort of stencil. Ink is forced through the stencil to the rest of the fabric with a squeegee and bada bing, bada boom lads

Why are prints less expensive to buy than paintings?

Multiple originals can be made for a low price

When was the printing press developed?

1400s century

What three things are most paints made up of?

Pigments, binders, and solvents

What are pigments, in paint?

Finely ground materials that give the paint color

What are four types of natural pigments?

Clays, gemstones, minerals, and insect and plant materials

What are binders, in paint?

A liquid material that holds the pigment together

What are three common binders?

Egg yolks, linseed oil, and wax

What are solvents used for, in paint?

Changing the consistency of a paint, or altering the drying time

What are two examples of possible solvents?

Oil or water

What are four tools that can be used to apply paint?

Fingers, brushes, palette knives, and sticks

What surfaces are fresco technique usually used to paint?

Ceilings or walls

How does an artist make a fresco?

By mixing pigments with water and applying them directly to wet plaster

What is fresco involving wet plaster called?

Buon fresco/true fresco

Why do artists making frescoes have to plan carefully?

The paint is absorbed by the plaster immediately, so there is no changing it after the fact

Which is fresco secco?

When someone makes a fresco with dry plaster

Where are two places where frescoes have been found?

In medieval and renaissance churches, and in the ruins of Pompeii

What nationality was Diego Rivera?

Mexican

What art was Diego Rivera famous for making?

Murals that he made in Mexico and the US

When were oil paints first widely used?

1400s

Before oil paints, what paint was the mostly widely used?

Tempera

Tempera is a ______-based paint

Water

What does traditional tempera paint use as a binder?

Egg

When might a lot of people remember using tempera paint from?

Elementary school

Does tempera paint dry slowly or quickly?

Quickly

What are three bad things about tempera?

It dries very quickly, there is a very narrow tonal range in colors, and it isn't as realistic as oil paints are

What is a positive thing about tempera?

It lasts a very long time without fading

What are glazes in painting?

Thin transparent layers of colors applied over another color to alter it slightly

Oil paints can be thinned to do what?

Create layers of glazes

What is impasto?

Applying paint in thicc heavy layers

Since oil paints dry so slowly, it is possible for an artist to work on an oil painting for how long?

Days or weeks

What ancient civilization painted grave markers with encaustic?

Egypt