Unit 3

Exa

the part of the brain responsible for speech production, speech muscle movements, sequencing of words for grammatical construction

brocas area (left)

part of the brain and hemisphere responsible for speech comprehension, meaning of words, writing, and sign language

wernicke area (left)

hemisphere- map reading, spatial relations, emotion comprehension, abstract meaning, recognize voices

right

damage to right parietal lobe or anterior superior temporal cortex (name and disorder)

phonagnosia - difficulty recognizing voices

speech meaningful, mot fluent send motor commands to mouth area of pmc (premotor cortex)

( I, Cup, me -not i want cup)

brocas aphasia

fluent speech, but can’t
understand, production meaningless, patient
unaware (saying too many words that don't make sense, nonsense speaking)

Wernicke’s aphasia

Can’t understand speech, can’t repeat or write heard words,
but can spontaneously speak, read, write, understand
non‐speech sounds, read lip - type of wernicke aphasia

auditory verbal agnosia AVA

damage to posterior language
area - can repeat speech but
can’t understand it (name and area of brain)

Transcortical sensory aphasia - brocas

damage to arcuate fasciculus -
can understand speech but
can’t repeat (name and area of brain)

Conduction aphasia -brocas

alexia and agraphia

inability to read and inability to write

speech and language functions are lateralized in the brain with circuits for comprehension and producted located in the ( ) hemisphere

left

which hemisphere play a role in processing emotional content, rhythm, and stress of speech and language

right

3 areas involved in perceptions of current events and memories

occipital, parietal, temporal

area that control muscle of speech, involve with speech and language perception

brocas area

changes in intonation, rhythm, and stress that add meaning to language

prosody

what type of aphasia affect prosdy

brocas aphasia

Identify the brain regions involved in recognizing people’s voices.

phongasia, right parietal or temporal cortex

symptoms of brocas aphasia - 3

agrammatism (grammer), anomia (word-finding), articulation difficulty

what type of memory do wernicke area store

sounds of words

meaningful fluent speech but very poor repetition

conduction aphasia

part of brain that connects wernicke and brocas area

arcuate faculus

blood vessel obstruction

cerebrovascular accident

diificulty comprehending, repeating, or producing meaningful language

aphasia

severing the corpus collosum and treat seizures

split brain operation

left temporal lobe produce disorder of auditory word recognition

pure word deafness

speaking in a roundabout way, individuals who have anomia

circumlations

̶ sensation that precedes seizure, exact nature depends on location of seizure focus

aura

often seen in children, characterized by periods of inattention
which are not subsequently remembered

absence (petit mal) seizure

generalized, tonic‐clonic seizure, which results in convulsion

grand mal seizure

̶seizure where patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted

tonic phase

seizure where patient shows rhythmic jerking movements

clonic phase

condition in which patient undergoes series of seizures without
regaining consciousness

status s epilepticus

caused by excessive release of glutamate during seizure

status epilepticus

seizures treatment

anticonvulsant drugs,
surgery

CVA caused by rupture of cerebral
blood vessel

hemorrhagic stroke

CVA caused by occlusion of blood vessel

ischemic stroke

interruption of blood supply to region of body

ischemia

blood clot that forms within blood vessel

thrombus

piece of material that floats from one part of vascular system to block
another part

embolus

surgery, anticoagulant drugs, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) breaks down
blood clots, Desmoteplase (anticoagulant glycoprotein found in
the saliva of vampire bats)

cardiovascular accident treatment

neurodegeneration due to repeated head trauma,
prevalent in athletes, confirmed by postmortem examination

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

reduce swelling and intracranial pressure, assure adequate blood flow, treat
symptoms that develop after injury, assess long term behavioral and cognitive changes

treatment of brain injury

•accumulation of abnormally folding prion
proteins in brain which triggers apoptosis
(programmed cell death)

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

causes intellectual
disability, usually tell‐tale physical abnormalities

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

inherited absence of
enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine.
Accumulation of phenylalanine causes brain damage
unless special diet implemented soon after birth

• phenylketonuria (PKU

extra 21st chromosome,
moderate‐to‐severe intellectual disability, physical
abnormalities, brain degeneration in adulthood
(similar to Alzheimer’s)

Downs Syndrome

— inherited metabolic disorder in
which certain gangliosides (type of lipid) accumulate
in neurons and destroy them. Symptoms appear
around 6 months old, death occurs usually by age 4.
More common with Jewish heritage. No cure or
treatment.

Tay‐Sachs Disease

• brain looks spongy
• contagious, affects humans and other
animals
• examples: Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease
(human form of Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy), Fatal Familial Insomnia

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

degeneration of nigrostriatal DA neurons projecting to striatum (caudate and putamen) of
basal ganglia

Parkinson’s disease

may be partly caused by a misfolded protein called
α‐synuclein (probably needed for DA release)
which accumulates in, and kills, DA neurons

Parkinson’s disease

resting tremor
• muscle rigidity
• difficulty initiating movement
• slow movement and shuffling gait

Parkinson’s disease

hallucinations, relaxation,
“munchies

recreational effects of marijuana

owers BP, relieves pain, treats
nausea, lowers eye pressure in glaucoma

clinical effects of marijuana

a cannabinoid which activates
CB1 receptor

THC

receptors also involved in reinforcing
effects of opiates, alcohol, cocaine, nicotine

cb1

• resting tremor
• muscle rigidity
• difficulty initiating movement
• slow movement and shuffling gait
• postural instability
• some cognitive deficits

Parkinson disease

parkinson has at least two mutations have been identified
which affect blank accumulation

α‐synuclein accumulation

works initially – crosses BBB, but as more DA neurons
die, more drug causes side‐effects, including psychosis (parkinson treatment)

levodopa

parkinson drug that reducing symptoms but not slowing disease

deprenyl

• hereditary, caused by dominant gene on chromosome 4
• mutation produces an abnormal version of a protein now known as huntingtin (Htt) which
misfolds, accumulates, and causes apoptosis

huntington disease (no treatment)

hunting disease causes degeneration of (blank) (caudate nucleus and putamen) which disinhibits
premotor and supplementary motor areas, causing motor symptom

striatum

• degeneration of blank and blank
• symptoms: spasticity
(increased tension of
muscles, causing stiff and
awkward movements),

spinal
cord and cranial nerve
motor neurons

ALS treatment: , (blank) a drug that reduces glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity, probably by
decreasing the release of glutamate, patients live two months longer

riluzole

• Autoimmune
demyelinating disease
— immune system
attacks the myelin
• affects transmission of
neural messages at
various locations in CNS,
causing a variety of
symptoms that diffER BETWEEN PATIENTS

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

process leaves hard
patches of debris called
sclerotic plaques

multiple sclerosis

in Lewy body dementia,
Lewy bodies are found in
the cortex and other brain
areas and also affect BLANK
transmission

ACH

alzheimer is usually old age, more blank than blank

women than men

cause of alzheimer

degeneration of brain areas that
receive ACh projections

•alzheimer diseas has blank – dense core of ‐amyloid protein (which accumulates in AD brains)
surrounded by dying axons and dendrites and activated microglia and astrocytes

amyloid plaques

– dying
neurons containing
accumulations of (blank)
filaments that
formerly made up
cell’s internal
skeleton

tau‐protein

anterograde amnesia due to thiamine
deficiency usually caused by chronic
alcoholism

Korsakoff’s Syndrome / Dementia

AchE inhibitors help symptoms until disease is advanced
• NMDA receptor antagonist slow excitotoxic death of Ach neurons
• amyloid vaccine seems promising, but brain inflammation in 5% of patients halted study,
so new immune techniques in the works

alzheimer treatment

inflammation of brain caused
by bacteria, viruses, or toxic chemicals

inflammation of brain caused
by bacteria, viruses, or toxic chemicals

viruses that can cause encephalitis:

herpes,
rabies, polio

— inflammation of meninges
caused by bacteria or viruses

Meningitis (rash)

psychotic
symptoms which can be
treated with antipsychotics

• disordered thought and speech –
shifts from one subject to another
with vague connections (word salad)
• delusions – false beliefs that persist despite contradictory evidence
• grandeur, persecution

Schizophrenia (positive affects)

: absence
of normal behaviors
• flat affect, avolition, social
withdrawal
• poor hygiene and grooming
• poverty of speech and
movement
• distorted sense of time

schizophernia negative affect

higher incidence in children of older
fathers, probably mutations in spermocytes

schizpphrenia genetic link

reduced volume in what part of brain
cortex (large ventricles), correlated with negative symptoms

hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, prefrontal

in schizophrenia, loss of blank may disrupt
coordination of brain areas, correlated with both
positive and negative symptoms

white matter connections

traditional antipsychotics block blank receptors in schiophrenia

d2

partial agonist -
reduce positive and negative symptoms
• drug with very high affinity for a particular receptor type, but activates receptor less than
normal ligand does
• serves as agonist in regions of low
concentration of normal ligand and as
antagonist in regio

, aripiprazole (Abilify)

serves as agonist in regions of low
concentration of normal ligand and as
antagonist in regions of high
concentrations in what disease

schizophrenia (dopamoine hypothesis)

• too blank in some areas may directly or indirectly (via DA and/or 5‐HT systems)
cause both positive and negative symptoms (schizophrenia)

little glutamate

• abuse of PCP (glu antagonist) → positive and negative symptoms
• 1: PCP → indirectly increase DA activity in Nac
• 2: PCP → indirectly decrease DA utilization in PFC

positive and negative

Major Depressive Disorder (drugs)

(MAO inhibitors,
tricyclics, SSRIs) affect NE and/or 5‐HT

•suicidal people have lower levels of

CSF 5‐HIAA

Major Depressive Disorder: Treatments

tricyclic antidepressant, that block 5‐HT and NE reuptake

injection of ketamine

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
(Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft)

short pulses
of electric current passed through right
hemisphere (sometimes bilateral for suicidal
patients), causing seizure, requires anesthesia
and hospital stay
• works fast, but short‐term, so not used
chronically (mostly for suicidal or treatment‐
resistant patients)

ECT , electroconvulsive therapy

• depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances,
and craving for carbohydrates during the
winter season when days are short

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

BIPOLAR DISORDER TREATMENT 3

lithium, • Depakote, Tegretol

ptsd brain changes in blank (more reactive) and blank (reduced volume)

amygdala, hippocampus

GAD brain

perhaps insufficient BZD receptors, perhaps oversensitive ANS, overactive amygdala
that is not being quelled by PFC

anxiolytics short‐term,
antidepressants long‐term
• benzodiazepines (mild tranquilizers)
(Valium, Librium, Xanax)
• may cause drowsiness, must avoid
alcohol, can become tolerant, relapse
after discontinuing medication
• TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs used long‐term,
especially SSRIs
•DCS (NMDA indirect agonist) with CBT

GAD and panic disorder treatment

ocd treatment

• SSRIs (clomipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine) (requires higher dose, not due to
antidepressant effects) block obsessions
• DCS (NMDA agonist) combined with CBT

a chronic spectrum disorder involving differing levels of compulsive, ritualistic behavior,
impaired sociability, mental retardation

autism

adhd medication

methylphenidate (Ritalin) inhibits DA and NE reuptake

LTP in VTA
strengthens excitatory synapses on DA
neurons, increases activation of NAC and
dorsal striatum (and other structures) causing
learned behaviors associated with substance
abuse

synaptic plasticity, learning

opium and substance p

inhibit the release of substance p which causes pain

methadone

similar to heroin, but in pill form, so
slow acting and long lasting
• relieves craving and blocks euphoria
• cheap, saf

opioid antagonist that blocks opioid
receptors
• used to treat opiate overdose and addiction

nalaxone