World History I

Final Exam

Five Themes of Geography

Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Region

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian

Latitude

Distance north or south of the equator

Circa

approximately (when date is uncertain)

BCE

Before Common Era (same as BC)

AD/CE

Anno Domini/Common Era

Century

a period of 100 years, calculate by adding 1 to the hundreds column

Primary source

A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.

Secondary Source

A secondhand account of an event or a retelling of another person's observations written by someone who did not witness or actually participate in the events. Includes sources that combine, synthesize, and or interpret information from primary sources. Examples include encyclopedias, textbooks, and reviews.

SPICE

Social, Politcal, Interaction with enviornment, Cultural, Economic

Anthropology

The study of humans

Archeology

the study of ancient cultures based on artifacts and other remains

artifact

an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

Polytheism

belief in more than one god

Monotheism

Belief in one God

Aminism

belief that all natural things are alive and have their own spirits

Early Man Chronology

Australopithecus, Homo Habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthal, Homo Sapiens

Australopithecus

the earliest humanlike creature that flourished in eastern and southern Africa 3 to 4 million years ago; Lucy; bipedal

Homo habilis

(man of skill) first to make stone tools

Homo erectus

"Upright man" these hominids became skillful hunters and invented more sophisticated tools for digging, scraping and cutting. They also became the first hominids to migrate from Africa. Also were the first to use fire.

Neanderthals

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European variant of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens sapiens

"wise, wise humans," a species that appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago; they were the first anatomically modern humans.

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.

Paleolithic Lifestyle

nomadic hunter-gatherers, control of fire, Kinship Groups

Paleolithic Religion

Animism

Paleolithic Art

cave paintings, Venus figures

Paleolithic relationship

Women and Men were equal

Neolithic Revolution

The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution.

River Valley Civilizations

a type of civilization that developed near or around a major river and considered the earliest known large human civilizations

agriculture

domesticated crops and animals, traveled with the herds

Neolithic lifestyle

groups based on territory, long distance

Neolithic Relationship

Social classes, Patriarchy

Neolithic Art and Architecture

Megaliths, Stonhedge

Catal Huyuk

One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions

Neolithic Religion

Polytheistic, Buried the dead in their own houses, multilayered houses.

Migration

Africa--\>Middle East--\>Asia--\>Europe--\>Americas (Being Strait)

Upper Egypt location

Located south of Egypt, land along the Nile River, from Memphis to the first cataract (Nubia/Kush)

Lower Egypt Location

Nile branched out into its delta and watered a vast territory of fields and marshes (closest to the Mediterranean)

Nile River

The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around. (floods annually), flows south to north deposits in Mediterranean

Nile Delta

The most fertile area of land in Egypt located end of the Nile River where it empties into the Mediterranean Sea

Egyptian Writing

Hieroglyphics, written on Papyrus

Rosetta Stone

Discovered by Champollion, discovered Egyptian Language, told history, was phonetic

Early Egyptian Kingdoms

Lower Egypt, and Upper Egypt

Narmer (Menes)

The pharaoh who united upper and lower Egypt around 3000 B.C.; (king of upper, conquered lower), adopts the upper crown and lower crown to make the double crown; Capital City Memphis

Three Kingdoms

Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom

Old Kingdom Government

strong central gov, delegated responsibilities to bureaucracy, Pharaoh was the ruler (believed to be a god), Vizier

Vizier

Chief Minister

Old Kingdom Achievements

Pyramids of Giza

Imohtep

scribe and architect invented stepped pyramid, built the pyramids of Giza

Pyramid purpose

To give pharoahs a resting place, served as tombs

Old Kingdom Decline

power struggles, crop failures, cost of pyramids

Middle Kingdom Government

Expansion, Golden Age of Wealth, Pharaoh becomes Shepard

Middle Kingdom Achievments

canals, irrigation ditches, occupies Nubia, trade

Middle Kingdom Decline

Invaded by Hyksos

Hyksos Tools

bronze weapons, horse drawn chariots

Hyksos Rule

Hyksos took over, ruled for a while adopted Egyptian customs and culture, Egyptians gained access to their weapons and overtook them

New Kingdom Government

New leaders, Strong Pharaohs drive out Hyksos

Hatsheput

Woman Pharaoh, encouraged trade

Rames II

most powerful pharaoh of the new kingdom

New Kingdom Achievments

expanded kingdom, lots of trade, first peace treaty with hittites, built up city of Thebes with obelisks and statues

Obliesk

A tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top

Thutmose III

Takes control of Egypt, Erases Hatsheput from records

Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton)

He and his wife converted to monotheistic religion (sun god Aton), moves capital from Thebes

Problems with new Faith (Aton religion)

Akhenaton spent all time and effort trying to convert, egypt looses territory, once Akhenaton dies, converts back to polytheistic religon, Thebes is capital city.

Egypt Decline

Lybians and Kushites take over Nile Valley

Egyptian Afterlife

The dead were judged and if they had led a good life, they would live forever in the next world just as they had on Earth.

Egyptian Social Classes

Shaped like a pyramid; Pharaoh at the top, then priests and nobles, then traders, followed by artisans, shopkeepers and scribes in the middle, then farmers and herders, then unskilled workers at the bottom

Home of the Hebrews

Canaan

Torah

First five books of the Hebrew Bible

Talmud

collection of Jewish law and tradition

Abraham

Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.

Yaweh

Jewish God

12 tribes of Israel

each tribe led by the descendants of Abraham

Wandering Period

Jews moved from Ur to Caanan to Egypt back to Caanan

Hebrew Migration to Egypt

First looked at with respect by Egyptians, then put to slavery.

Moses

(Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus

Exodus

spilt the red sea to free the enslaved jews, event celebrated every year as the "Passover"

the 10 Commandments

the 10 laws given by God to Moses, brought a "New Covenant" between Jews and Yaweh

Wandering for 40 years

Wandering through the desert, Moses death leads to return to Caanan.

Deborah

Only female judge, upheld the 10 commandments

Kingdom of Israel

Judah vs. Israel, Judah wins and unites

The three Kings

Saul, David, Solomon

Saul

First king of Israel, driving out Philistines from Palestine, portrayed largely as a tragic man

David

Second king of Israel, Jerusalem as the capital, started a dynasty

Soloman

David's son who built a temple to God. He was the third king of Israel and is famous for his wisdom, most powerful, lots of trade.

Israeli Divide

split between northern and southern Jerusalem

Babylonian Captivity

50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon, Assyrians captured Israel, King Nebuchadnezzar. He sent exiles to Babylon the Persians, under Cyrus, conquered Babylon and let 40,000 exiled Jews return to Jerusalem.

Diaspora

the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel

Phoenicia

An ancient seafaring civilization located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea

Phonecian alphabet

system of writing based on letters, not symbols, adopted and adapted by Greek traders in the late Dark Ages; helped restore writing

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.

Civilization components

Cities, government, Complex Religion, Job Specialization, Social Classes, Art and Architecture, Public Works, Writing

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Sumerian city-states

Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, and Ur

Sumerian Religion

Anthropomorphic (human-like) gods

Polytheistic

Sumerian Gods

Anu - sky \n Enlil - storms and air \n Enki - water \n Utu - sun \n Nanna - moon

Ziggurats

temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped

Mesopotamian Death

"A place of No return" dark, dreary

Mesopotamian social classes

Kings, Priests, Upper class, Farmers, Slaves

Role of Women in Mesopotamia

patriarchal, women could hold property, women had more respect