CH.6

bilirubin

orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces

bolus

mass of masticated food ready for swallowing

exocrine

type of gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

exo-

outside, outward

crine

secrete

sphincter

circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

triglycerides

organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

oral cavity

mouth

bucca

cheeks

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

pathway of food through the digestive system

mastication

mechanically breaking down food

dentin

beneath the enamel, main structure of the tooth

pulp

innermost part of the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels

gingiva

gums

deglutition

movement of food to the back of the mouth for swallowing

papillae

rough projections on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds

hard and soft palate

forms the roof of the mouth

pharynx

throat

uvula

soft, fleshy, v-shaped structure that helps push bolus down

trachea

tube that connects the lungs and the pharynx

esophagus

tube that connects the stomach and the pharynx

epiglottis

small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing

stomach

saclike structure in the LUQ that is a food reservoir

lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

terminal portion of the esophagus that is composed of muscle fibers

body and fundus

storage parts of the stomach

pylorus

funnel-shaped terminal portion in the stomach that mainly digests

rugae

interior lining of the stomach

chyme

semiliquid form of bolus

pyloric sphincter

regulates speed and movement of chyme

peristalsis

rhythmic muscle contractions

duodenum

uppermost part of the small intestine

jejunum

middle part of the small intestine

ileum

lowest part of the small intestine

villi

microscopic, fingerlike projections

ileocecal valve

allows material from the small intestine to exit

cecum

small pouch that hangs inferior to the ileocecal valve, first part of the large intestine

appendix

small, wormlike structure with no function, projects downward from the cecum

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

appendectomy

surgical removal of an painfully inflamed appendix

ascending colon

extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver

hepatic flexure

abrupt turn in the ascending colon forms the

transverse colon

part of the colon that continues across the abdomen to the left side

splenic flexure

curvature from the transverse colon that forms the

descending colon

as the transverse colon turns downwards it is now the

sigmoid colon

the descending colon forms into the

rectum

last part of the GI tract

anus

opening at the end of the GI tract

liver

organ that produces bile, digestion, etc.

pancreas

elongated organ that performs endocrine and exocrine functions

endocrine gland

the pancreas secretes insulin directly into the blood stream as an

exocrine gland

the pancreas produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum

pancreatic duct

extends along the pancreas

gallbladder

saclike structure that serves as a storage area for bile

common bile duct

bile is released into the duodenum through the

right and left hepatic ducts

bile is also drained from the liver through the

cystic duct

merges with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct

or/o, stomat/o

mouth

gloss/o, lingu/o

tongue

-itis

inflammation

-ectomy

excision, removal

bucc/o

cheek

cheil/o, labi/o

lip

-plasty

surgical repair

dent/o, odont/o

teeth

-ist

specialist

orth

straight

gingiv/o

gums

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland

-lith

stone, calculus

esophag/o

esophagus

pharyng/o

pharynx

-scope

instrument for examining

tonsill

tonsils

gastr/o

stomach

-algia

pain

pylor/o

pylorus

-spasm

involuntary contraction, twitching

duoden/o

duodenum

-scopy

visual examination

enter/o

intestine

-pathy

disease

jejun/o

jejunum

-rrhaphy

suture

ile/o

ileum

-stomy

forming an opening (mouth)

append/o, appendic/o

appendix

col/o, colon/o

colon

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

-tomy

incision

rect/o

rectum

-cele

hernia, swelling

proct/o

anus, rectum

-logist

specialist in the study of

an/o

anus

peri-

around

hepat/o

liver

-megaly

enlargement

pancreat/o

pancreas

-lysis

separation, destruction, loosening

cholangi/o

bile vessel