Human Memory Test #3

What was the key point of the memory champion videos?

placing items in a mental space and being able to retrieve those items are very important

It is easy to show that the LoP theory is ______.

false

what is deeper processing?

processing for meaning

Encoding specificity and transfer appropriate processing are basically the same ______

idea

in an interaction, the effect of one variable is _________ according to the ______ of the other variable

different; level

when does state dependent memory occur?

when someone is under the influence of alcohol or drugs

Context effects tend to be smaller in _____ _______, and very small or nonexistent in most ______________ studies

cued recall; recognition

How is memory consolidation like jello?

it becomes solidified over time

older memories are ________ than more recent memories

stronger

older memories are less fragile than new memories because they're more likely to have been _________ _________________

fully consolidated

what is retrograded amnesia?

losing memory of events prior to the time of trauma

Retrograde amnesia disrupts ____________________ of LTM

consolidation

what is autobiographical memory?

events of one's own life

What is the part of memory not effected by anterograde amnesia?

implicit memory

what is dissociative amnesia?

when a person is unable to remember segments of information about their life

what is generalized amnesia?

almost all of a person's life is forgotten

In the Squire video, the task called Delayed Nonmatch to Sample was most similar to which test in humans?

explicit memory task

Roedigger's article contests the idea that there are _____ of memory

laws

is it always true that deeper processing leads to better memory than sound processing for physical structure or sound and why?

no, it depends on whether the test is explicit or implicit

what is another term for transfer appropriate processing?

encoding specificity

memory is determined by the degree to which _________________ and _____________ conditions overlap

encoding, retrieval

what is another name for encoding specificity?

transfer appropriate processing

the generation effect depends on whether the test is ________ or ________

explicit, implicit

How "good" a particular encoding strategy is varies depending on...

what the test is like

is the standard recognition test or the rhyme recognition test better?

it depends on the interaction

Semantic processing _________ ___________ lead to a better __________

doesn't always; memory

Whether semantic processing helps and how much it helps depends on what?

the test and cues present

What cues are present at the time of memory retrieval?

encoding specificity and transfer appropriate processing

who came up with the encoding specificity principle?

Tulving

what is the encoding specificity principle?

the retrieval of an event or an aspect of an event depends on the interaction between the properties of the encoded event and the properties of the retrieval information

According to the encoding specificity principle, what is _______ determines what ____________ cues are effective in providing access to what is stored

stored; retrieval

A match between cues while _____________ and during a _____ results in better memory

studying; test

what are the most effective retrieval cues?

the ones used during the original learning

What is transfer appropriate processing?

memory will be best when the type of processing used during engaging is also used during the test

transfer appropriate processing focuses on ________________

processing

What is an example of transfer appropriate processing?

thinking about how a word sounds helps on a rhyme recognition test, but not on a test of meaning

Is it better or worse to study in the same seat that you'll be tested in?

better

what are examples of context effects?

location, other people, sights, sounds

Context effects are a ___________ ___ to memory

powerful cue

how are context effects encoded?

as part of an event

An interaction has _ variables

2

what is state dependent memory?

if events occur when you are under the influence or drugs or alcohol, you're more likely to remember them when you're drunk or high vs when you're sober

what did the Goodwin et al, 1969 study test?

state dependent learning

In the Goodwin et al, 1969 study, what happened during the study phase?

2 groups of participants, one sober and one drunk, memorized 4 sentences on day 1

what did the Goodwin et al study show?

better memory when drunk and drunk or sober and sober vs. drunk and sober or sober and drunk

In the Goodwin et al, 1969 study, what was the test phase?

recall the 4 sentences 24 hours later

After the Goodwin et al, 1969 study, there was a very similar study but with a _______________ ________ _____

recognition memory test

In the recognition memory study that tested state dependent memory, participants studied ________

pictures

what was the result of state dependent effects in recognition?

there was no evidence of any effects

state dependent effects are not found in ___________ memory

recognition

"drinking may facilitate recall of ______________ which occurred while previously drinking"

experience

why are state dependent effects not found in recognition memory?

the item itself is a cue which is stronger than the cues obtained while in the drug state

There is state dependent effects in ____ _______ memory

free recall

will studying in the same room as a test improve your exam score?

Yes it could

_________ effects are reliably found in recall

context

Consolidation assumes that processing of an event _______ after practice or overt rehearsal ends

persists

What happens if consolidation is interrupted?

the memory trace is not consolidated and the memory is lost

what is jost's law?

assumes that memories vary in strength

what is amnesia?

partial or total memory loss

what does amnesia usually result from?

shock, brain injury, illness, psychological disturbance

What is organic amnesia?

amnesia caused by shock, brain injury, or illness

what is psychogenic amnesia?

amnesia caused by psychological trauma

what is anterograde amnesia?

unable to learn anything new since the time of the trauma

Anterograde amnesia is usually ________

organic

retrograde amnesia can be ___________________ or _________

psychogenic, organic

what does consolidation do?

makes memories more permanent

what is ribot's law?

memory loss is greater for more recent memories as opposed to more aged memories

Much of what is lost in retrograde amnesia is _________________________ ____________

autobiographical memory

Electroconvulsive ____________ is used on people while electroconvulsive ________ is used on rats

therapy; shock

what is transient global amnesia?

it is rare and the cause is uncertain; the duration is relatively brief (3-8 hours)

damage to the ___________ can result in anterograde amnesia

medial temporal lobe

what does declarative memory consists of (what types memory)

autobiographical and episodic

the problem with anterograde amnesia lies in _____________

retrieval

what is repression?

form of psychogenic amnesia where a trauma damages a person's ability to function so that memory is actively repressed by the brain

what is systematized amnesia?

people can't remember information related to a traumatic event regardless of when or where it happened

what is localized amnesia?

a person has trouble remembering events within a block of time (hours or weeks)

what is dissociative fugue?

people forget fundamental aspects of their identity

dissociative fugue is almost exclusively ________________

retrograde

what is memory fugue?

loss of memories but core identity stays intact

what is regression fugue?

reversion to an earlier stage in life where a person can't remember events after this period

what is dissociative identity disorder?

a person acts as if they have many separate personalities, and each has its own autobiographical history

habit memory involves _-_ associations

S-R

what is declarative memory?

consciously remembering facts and events

In the Squire article, what were they researching?

if humans have the same nondeclarative memory as animals (like monkeys)`

In the Squire article, they say that _______ memory is proposed to involve slowly acquired associations between stimuli and responses that develop outside awareness

habit

what is habit memory?

memory that involves slowly acquired associations between stimuli and responses that develop without awareness

Which 2 patients did the Squire article test?

EP and GP and 4 controls

In the Squire article, both EP and GP eventually completed which task successfully?

standard task

In the Squire article, EP and GP both completed the standard task successfully. After that they were given a ___________ trial, which they did or did not complete successfully?

sorting; failed altogether

What did the Squire article find?

there is a large capacity for habit learning that operates outside of awareness and is independent of declarative memory

In the Squire article, what was the standard task?

8 pairs of junk objects were presented one at a time, with one designated as the correct object

In the Squire article, what was the sorting trial?

all 16 objects were placed on the table, and the subjects had to place the correct objects on one side and the other objects on the other side

In the Squire lecture, who was the patient?

HM

The Squire lecture said that the ___________________ is a critical component of the system that was damaged in HM

hippocampus

The _____________ was damaged in HM

hippocampus

declarative memory depends on the _______________________

hippocampus

In the Squire video, EP's _______ memory was still intact

remote

in the Squire video, what could EP remember from his past?

his childhood neighborhood, but not where he currently lived

Ribot's law is only attached to ____________________ _________

retrograde amnesia

theories of memory are based on patterns of ___________ ________ and ________________ across different types of memory tasks

parallel effects; dissociations