Methods of Change and the Holocaust Revision Flashcards

Flashcards covering key figures, events, and legislation related to social reform movements and the history of the Holocaust as detailed in the lecture transcript.

Elizabeth Fry

A Quaker woman who campaigned for the reform of female prisons in the 1800s, focusing on rehabilitation and the improvement of overcrowded and filthy conditions.

1823 Goals Act

Legislation influenced by Elizabeth Fry's recommendations that mandated female prison guards for female prisoners, paid goalers, and inspections.

Ladies National Association (LNA)

A group set up by Josephine Butler that used posters, petitions, and protest marches to campaign for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act.

Contagious Diseases Act

A law intended to protect soldiers from STDs that subjected suspected prostitutes to medical examinations; it was suspended in $1883$ and repealed in $1886$.

Henry Stock

A parliamentary candidate who supported the Contagious Diseases Act and was forced to withdraw from his election due to a fierce poster campaign by the LNA.

USA Civil War

A conflict from $1861$ to $1865$ between northern industrial states and southern slave-owning states, leading to the abolition of slavery.

Fort Sumter

The location in South Carolina where Confederate forces attacked on April $12$, $1861$, marking the start of the USA Civil War.

Ku Klux Klan

An extremist, racist, and violent organisation founded following the abolition of slavery during the aftermath of the USA Civil War.

Indian National Congress

The political body led by Mohandas Gandhi that declared in January $1930$ that India should be an independent nation and govern itself.

Salt March ($1930$)

A non-violent protest involving thousands of people walking $3\,km$ to Dandi, where Gandhi made salt from the sea to defy British tax laws.

Offences Against the Person Act ($1861$)

The piece of legislation that initially made abortion illegal in the United Kingdom.

Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA)

An association formed in $1936$ that campaigned for legal abortions for women based on financial, mental, social, or medical need.

Dr. Aleck Bourne

A doctor acquitted in $1938$ after performing an abortion on a $14$-year-old rape victim to test the legal situation regarding a woman's mental health.

Nelson Mandela

Leader of a sabotage campaign against Apartheid who was imprisoned for $27$ years and eventually became South Africa's first black president in $1994$.

Umkhonto we Sizwe

A militant group co-founded by Nelson Mandela that engaged in bombings and violent actions against the South African government.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

A commission created by Nelson Mandela in $1995$ to investigate human rights abuses and help create rules against future abuse.

Animal Liberation Front (ALF)

An organization founded in $1976$ that takes animals from laboratories and factory farms, often using raids and harassment of staff.

Antisemitism

The unfair hatred, maltreatment, and discrimination towards Jewish people because of their religion.

Nuremberg Laws ($1935$)

Laws that took away German citizenship from Jews and forbade relationships and marriages between Jews and Germans.

Kristallnacht

A turning point in November $1938$ where synagogues were set alight and Jewish property was destroyed; $100$ were killed and $30000$ were arrested.

Volksgemeinschaft

The Nazi concept of a 'People's Community,' a society organized into a 'Greater Germany' based on the idea of races.

Ghetto

A walled-off section of a city where Jews were forced to live in overcrowded, unsanitary, and sub-human conditions for Nazi control.

Einsatzgruppen

German death squads, primarily from the SS, that murdered over $1.3$ million Jews in 'sweeps' across Europe.

Babi Yar

A ravine where thousands of Jews were murdered by German forces after being ordered to report with their documents and belongings.

Wannsee Conference

A meeting on January $20$, $1942$, where Nazi officials discussed the 'Final Solution' to work the remaining Jewish population to death.

Auschwitz-Birkenau

A death and extermination camp featuring gas chambers, crematoria, and a selection process between workers and non-workers.