Exam 1 BIO 201 ASU Professor Sniegowski

Characterists of Life

If it can exhibit: reproduction, development, evolution, maintaining homeostasis, and development.

Physiological Variation

Categories such as sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics or environment.

Homeostasis

The ability to detect change, and activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.

negative feedback

Allows for dynamic equilibrium within a limited range around a set point

positive feedback

Is a self-amplifying cycle that leads to greater change in the same direction, the loop is repeated. "Change produces more change".

Gradient

A difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points.

Moving in the opposite direction is "\________________" and requires spending metabolic energy.

Up the gradient.

The 9 systems of the human body are:

The skeletal system, endocrine system, digestive system, nervous system, lymphatic system, cardiovascular system, integumentary system, muscular system, and urinary system.

Integumentary system

The largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between external and internal environment. (Think of the skin)

Skeletal system

The body's framework consists of bones and connective tissue.(Think of bones)

Muscular System

Composed of muscle fibers, responsible for movement.

lymphatic system

Part of the immune system, a subdivision of the circulatory system. (Think of lymph nodes)

respiratory system

Airways, lungs,and bloodvessels.Breathing

digestive system

Gastrointestinal tract and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Turns food into nutrients.

nervous system

Coordinates actions and sensory information.

peripheral nervous system

Nerves that branch off of the spinal cord.

central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord.

endocrine system

Network of glands and organs that serves as a messenger system that uses hormones to control your body processes.

cardiovascular system

Heart and blood vessels, supplies your body with oxygen and nutrients.

urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; filters blood and creates urine as a waste by-product.

reproductive system

Tissues and glands that are responsible for producing offspring.

Minerals

Inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans.

Minerals are important for "\______________" and "\_______________".

Enzyme function; body structure.

Electrolytes

Mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function.

Electrolytes are "\___________" in solution

Ions

Colloids

In the body, are often mixtures of protein and water.

"\___________" is the kinetic energy of molecular motion

Heat

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion; doing work.

Electromagnetic energy

Kinetic energy of moving packets of radiation AKA photons.

Reaction rates increase when:

- concentration of reactants increases
-temp rises
-a catalyst is present

Carbohydrates

Hydrophilic organic molecules.

Monosaccharides

Monomers; simplest carbohydrates. EX: Fructose, galactose, glucose

Disaccharides

Sugars made up of two covalently bonded monosaccharides. EX: Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Oligosaccharides

Short chains of three or more monosaccharides (at least 10).

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50).

"\_____________________" are oxidized to make ATP

Carbohydrates.

Digested carbohydrates are converted into "\____________".

Glucose

"\______________" are a major component of mucus.

Glycoproteins.

Proteoglycans

-More carbohydrate than protein.
-Gels that hold cells and tissue together.
-They fill the umbilical and eye and act as joint lubrication.

Lipids

Hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

Fatty acids

Chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other.

Saturated fatty acids

Carbon atoms linked by single covalent bonds that have the most hydrogens possible within their structure.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Carbon atom chains that contain some double bonds between each other and has potential to obtain more hydrogens.

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Carbon atom chains that contain multiple double bonds.

Triglycerides (Neutral fats)

3 fatty acids linked to glycerol; formed by dehydration synthesis and broken down by hydrolysis; primary function energy storage; also helps with insulation and shock absorption

Dietary oils and fats are "\________________".

Triglycerides.

Phospholipids

Similar to neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group, and happens to be the structural foundation of the cell membrane.

Eicosanoids

-20-carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid
-Hormone-like chemical signals between cells
-Includes prostaglandins

Prostaglandins

Play important roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, blood vessel diameter.

Steroid

A lipid with 17 carbon atoms within 4 rings.

Cholesterol

-The "parent" steroid from which other steroids are synthesized
-Important for nervous system function and structural integrity of all cell membranes

A high density of lipoprotein (HDL) is a great indicator of "\_________________"

Good cholesterol; lower ratio of lipid to protein.

A low density of lipoprotein (LDL) is a great indicator of "\________________"

Bad cholesterol; higher ratio of lipid to protein.

"\_____" amino acids are used to make the proteins are identical except for the sidechain or (R) group

20

Properties of each amino acid determined by the "\___________".

R group.

Peptide

Composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Peptide bond

-Joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next.
-Formed by dehydration synthesis.

Proteins have more than "\___" amino acids

50

"\_________________________________" creates a peptide bond that joins the amino acid of one group to the carboxyl group of the next.

Dehydration synthesis.

Extreme heat or pH can cause irreversible denaturing to "\_____________".

Proteins.

Denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.

Conjugated proteins contain a non-amino acid moiety called a "\__________________" covalently bound to them.

Prosthetic group.

Keratin

Tough structural protein of hair, nails, skin surface.

Collagen

A protein contained in deeper layers of skin, bones, cartilage, and teeth.

Ligands

Signaling molecules that exert their effects by reversibly binding to a receptor molecule.

Channel proteins

Allow hydrophilic substances to diffuse across cell membranes

Carrier proteins

Help solutes cross cell membranes via active or passive transport,

Glycoproteins are important for "\______________________".

Immune recognition.

The enzymes that catalyze physiological reactions are usually "\_____________________".

Globular proteins.

Motor proteins

Molecules with the ability to change shape repeatedly.

"\_____________" bind cells together, otherwise known as cell adhesion.

Proteins.

Uniport

Carriers of one type of solute.

Symport

Carries 2+ solutes simultaneously in the same direction (co-transport).

Cofactors

Non-protein "helper" molecules whose presence isnecessary for many enzymes to function

With cofactors:

-About two-thirds of human enzymes require a cofactor.
-Some cofactors are inorganic ions such as iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium.
-Cofactors work by binding to the enzyme and triggering a conformational change that activates the active site.

Coenzymes

-Organic cofactors.
-Often derived from vitamins.
-Plays an important role in metabolism and ATP production by shuttling electrons between enzymes in respiration pathways.

Metabolic pathway

Chain of reactions, each catalyzed by a different enzyme.

Metabolic pathways are turned on/off by way of either "\_________________" or "\_________________".

Binding /disassociating the cofactors; feedback inhibition.

With feedback inhibition:

-The end product inhibits an enzyme at an earlier step (e.g., product D binds to enzyme a and shuts down production of intermediate product B).
-Pathway is turned on when the end product is in demand (low concentration) and turned off once concentration increases.

Nucleotides

Organic compounds that contain a nitrogenous base (single or double a carbon-nitrogen ring), a sugar (monosaccharide), and one or more phosphate groups.

ATP and cAMP are both "\_______________".

Nucleotides.

"\____________" stores energy gained from exergonic reactions and releases it within seconds for physiological work.

ATP

"\_________" holds energy in covalent bonds. The second and third phosphate groups have high energy bonds.

ATP

Most energy transfers to and from "\__________" involve adding or removing the third phosphate group.

ATP

Phosphorylation

The addition of free phosphate group to a molecule; is carried out by kinases.

Hydrolysis of ATP is catalyzed by "\________________".

ATPases.

During the hydrolysis of ATP, ATPases:

-Break the third high-energy phosphate bond.
-Separates ADP into ADP+ Pi+ energy.

Glycolysis

Splitting glucose into 2 pyruvates.

If ATP demand outpaces oxygen supply, pyruvate anaerobically ferments to "\____________".

Lactate.

If enough oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs in the "\______________".

Mitochondria.

cAMP

Formed by the removal of second and third phosphate groups from ATP.

Formation of "\____________" is triggered by hormones binding to the cell surface.

cAMP.

"\____________" becomes "second messenger" within cell.

cAMP.

Thin, flat, and scaly cell structure:

Squamous

Squarish-looking cell structure

Cuboidal

More taller than wide cell structure

Columnar

Cell structure containing irregularly angular shapes with multiple sides

Polygonal

Star-looking cell structure

Stellate

Round to oval cell structure

Spheroid to ovoid

Disc-shaped cell structure

Discoidal