APUSH Period 4.8

Why is the Presidency of Andrew Jackson called the Age of the Common Man?

Because he was a common man as were most that he appointed plus the common man was now allowed to vote

Who ran in the election of 1824?

Four candidates from the Democratic-Republican party of Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson

What was the issue with the Election of 1824?

Jackson won the popular vote and the most electoral votes but didn't have enough to win

What had to happen in the Election of 1824?

House had to choose between the top 3

What did Henry Clay do?

Used influence to get John Quincy Adams as president with Clay as Secretary of State

What did Jackson and his followers believe about the Election of 1824?

Charged that the decision of voter foiled by secret political maneuvers

What did Adams do to followers of Jackson?

Further alienated them when he asked Congress for money for internal improvements, aid manufacturing and a national university and astronomical observatory

What did Jacksonians view Adam's spending of money as?

A waste of money and a violation of the Constitution

What did Congress make in 1828?

A new tariff law which satisfied northern manufacturers and generally alienated South planters

What did the South call the Tariff of 1828?

Tariff of abominations

What did Adams seek in 1828?

Reelection

What were Jacksonians now ready to do?

Use discontent of southerners and westerners and new campaign tactics to get Jackson in office

What was Jackson called?

Old Hickory

What did Jackson do besides BBQs and parties?

Accused Adam’s wife of being born out of wedlock

What did supporters of Adams accuse Jackson’s wife of?

Adultery

What did the mudslinging campaign do?

Attract much interest and voter turnout went up

Who won the election of 1828?

Jackson won every state west of the Appalachians, represented as war hero accounted for victory more than issues

How did Jackson different from any of his predecessors?

Strong leader, became a symbol of the emerging middle class, called “common man” gained fame as an Indian fighter and hero at the Battle of New Orleans, lived in fine mansion in Tennessee as planter and slave owner, had rough manners of frontier, chewed tobacco, fought several duels, displayed violent temper, first president since George Washington to be without college education

How did Jackson present himself?

As a representative of the people, protector of the common man against abuses of power by rich and privileged

Why did Jackson oppose it?

Federal spending and national debt

How did Jackson interpret the powers of Congress?

Narrowly and vetoed more than all predecessors combined at 12 vetoes

What were Jackson’s closest advisors called?

His Kitchen Cabinet

Why was Jackson called the Kitchen Cabinet?

Weren’t his official cabinet who had less influence than earlier presidents

Who was Peggy Eaton?

The Wife of Jackson’s Secretary of War

What was Peggy Eaton the target of?

Malicious gossip by oher cabinet wives

What had happened to Jackson’s recently deceased wife in 1828?

Was gossiped about

What did Jackson try to force the cabinet wives to do?

Accept Peggy Eaton socially

What happened after Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept Peggy Eaton?

Most of the cabinet resigned

What did the Peggy Eaton affair controversy contribute to?

The Resignation of John C Calhoun, Jackson's Vice President a year later

Who was chosen as Jackson’s vice president for his second term?

Martin Van Buren who remained loyal

Who did Jackson’s democracy not apply to?

American Indians

Who did Jackson sympathize with?

Land hungry citizens who wanted to take Indian lands

What did Jackson think was the most humane way to get rid of the American Indians?

The 1830 Indian Removal Act which forced resettlement of thousands of Indians west of the Mississippi

By 1835, where were most east tribes?

Went west

What was created in 1836 to assist in the moving of American Indians?

The Bureau of Indian Affairs

What did Georgia and other states pass laws on?

Requiring Cherokees to move west

When Cherokees challenged Georgia in courts, what did the Supreme Court rule (Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831))?

Cherokee not a foreign nation and had no right in federal courts

What happened in Worcester v. Georgia (1832)?

Supreme Court ruled Georgia had no force in Cherokee territory

Who did Jackson side with?

States

What did Jackson siding with the states make the courts?

Powerless as Courths needed president support to enforce decision

What did most Cherokees do about the settlement of 1835?

Refused to agree with the settlement

In 1838, after Jackson left office, what did the US Army do?

Forced 15000 Cherokees to leave Georgia called the Trail of Tears

How many Cherokees died going west on the Trail of Tears?

4000

What did South Carolina declare in 1828?

Tariff of Abominations unconstitutional

What happened in 1830?

The Webster Hayne Debate

What was held in 1832?

A convention held to nullify 1828 tariff and new 1832 tariff

What was proclaimed in 1832?

Proclamation to the People of South Carolina where null and disunion were treason

What did Jackson share with the South?

The alarm of growing anti-slavery movement in the North

What did Jackson use to stop antislavery literature from being sent through US mail?

Executive power

What did the Bank of the US and branches receive?

Federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose of cushioning ups and down of the economy

Who was the Bank of the US's president?

Nicholas Biddle

How did Nicholas Biddle manage the bank?

Efficiently but arrogance led to suspicions that the bank abused powers and serves interests of wealthy

Who shared the suspicion that the Bank of the US was abusing their powers?

Jackson and believed it was unconstitutional

Who was Jackson’s chief political opponent?

Henry Clay

What did Henry Clay support?

The Bank of the US

What did Clay challenge Jackson about in 1832?

By persuading Congress to pass a bank recharter bill which Jackson vetoed

Who did the voters back, Clay or Jackson?

Jackson who won 3/4 of the electoral votes

Who did the Democrats support?

Jackson

What was the Democratic-Republicans party?

The new Democrat party

Who did the Whigs support?

Henry Clay

What was the Whig party (equivalent from the 1700s)?

Federalists of Alexander Hamilton

What did the Whig Party support?

The spending federal money for internal improvements like roads, canals, and harbors

How did Jackson attack the Bank of the US?

By withdrawing all federal funds

Who helped Jackson withdraw all the federal funds and where did the funds go?

Treasurer Roger Taney who transferred the funds to various state banks that critics called “pet banks”

What was a result of both Jackson’s financial policies and feverous purchase of west lands?

Made land price and various goods become inflated

How did Jackson hope to stop inflation?

Issued a presidential order of Specie Circular where all of the further purchases of federal land to be made in silver and gold rather than a banknote

What happened in the Panic of 1837?

Bank notes lost their value and land sales plummeted right after Jackson left office this happened, plunging the nation’s economy

Did Jackson seek a 3rd term in 1836?

No

How did Jackson make sure his policies were carried out in his retirement?

Jackson persuaded the Democrat Party to nominate his Vice President, Martin Van Buren

What did the Whig Party fear in the election of 1836?

Defeat

What strategy did the Whig party use in the election of 1836?

Nominated 3 candidates from 3 different regions in order to have the hope to throw the election into the House

How much of the electoral vote did Martin Van Buren take?

58%

What happened just as Van Buren took office?

Country suffered financial panic of 1837

What position did Jackson take?

The opposition to rechartering the Bank of US as only one of money causes of the panic

Who were the Whigs quick to blame for the Panic of 1837?

The Democrats for laissez faire economics

What did the Democrats oppose in the Age of Jackson?

The National Bank, protective tariffs, federal spending for internal improvements

What were Democrats in the Age of Jackson concerned about?

High land prices in the West and business monopolies

What did the Whigs in the Age of Jackson support?

The National Bank, protective tariffs and federal spending for internal improvements

What were the Whigs concerned about in the Age of Jackson?

Crime associated with immigrants

Where was the base of voter support for the Democrats?

South and west, Urban workers

What was the base of voter support for the Whigs?

New England and Mid Atlantic States, Urban professionals

In the election of 1840, what position were the Whigs in?

A strong position to defeat Van Buren

What were voters unhappy with by 1840?

Bad state economy

Who was the Whigs presidential candidate?

William Henry “Tippecanoe” Harrison

To symbolize Harrison’s origins, what did the Whigs do?

Put a log cabin on wheels and passed out hard cider, buttons and hats

What did the Whigs call Van Buren?

Martin “Van Ruin” as an aristocrat with taste for foreign wines

What percent of voters casted their ballots in the election of 1840?

78%

Who won the election of 1840 by taking 53% of the electoral votes?

Harrison and John Taylor of Virginia, a former Democrat who joined the Whigs

Where did Harrison take most of the electoral votes?

The North, South and West

What did the election of 1830 establish the Whigs as?

A national party

What happened to William Henry Harrison?

Died less than 1 month after the election from pneumonia

What did John Taylor become?

First VP to take over

What did John Taylor as president do?

Not a lot of Whig policies and vetoed whigs to favor Democrats

By 1850, where were the vast majority of American Indians?

West of the Mississippi

What had happened to American Indians east by 1850?

Either had been killed by disease, died in battles or forced to leave their land

What did the Great Plains provide for American Indians?

Only a temporary respite from conflict with white settlers

What type of tribes did the Cheyenne and Sioux become?

Nomadic hunters with horses following buffalo and should therefore move more easily away from advancing settlers for oppose their encroachments by force

What happened to the location of the west frontier?

Constantly shifted

What was the motivation of moving West and did it stay the same?

Stayed the same from generation to generation, the same forces that had brought the original colonists to the Americans motivated their descendants and new immigrants to move westward

What did the west represent to the public?

The possibility of a fresh start for those willing to venture