AP Psych Nutshell Review part 3

axis i

clinical disorders

axis ii

personality disorders and mental retardation

deviance

displaying behavior outside of the norm

trisomy 21 (down syndrome)

neurodevelopment disorder; most common birth defect; extra 21st chromosome; no known cause; characteristics include intellectual disability, flattened face, strong bonding tendency, strong drive to eat

autism

neurodevelopmental disorder; persistent communication and social interaction deficits in multiple situations; restricted, repetitive behavior and interests, originally manifested in the early developmental period and causing significant impairment; moderate to severe spectrum; seen by 3 yrs; social skills/language/behavior

savant

person with autism who is exceptionally skilled in particular areas

ADHD

neurodevelopmental disorder; persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning/development; begins in childhood; present in more than one setting

somatoform disorders

people who complain of physical problems that have only psychological causes

hypochondriasis

belief of serious physical problems

somatization disorder

vague physical complaints, not as serious as hypochondriasis

conversion disorder

impairment of sensory and/or motor function absent of biological cause (phantom limb, hysterical blindness)

dissociative disorders

caused by psychological trauma, involve a person involuntarily "splitting off" from themselves

dissociative amnesia

person forgetting part of themselves

dissociative fugue

for a brief amount of time, person splits off from true self, and forms a new identity; can last from hours to months

dissociative identify disorder

person forms a number of different personalities; some aware of other personalities, others not

anxiety

feeling of apprehension/dread; an issue when its disproportionate to the actual situation

phobia

an irrational fear of something; may have been learned from a past event; overcome with systematic desensitization

agoraphobia

fear of the outside world (problematic)

panic disorder

characterized by extreme terror for no apparent reason; may also feel doom/death imminent; often occurs following stressful event

obsessive-compulsive disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions; symptoms often start mildly and become progressively worse over time; cause unknown but may be stress reaction

obsession

the thoughts that produce the anxiety

compulsion

the behavior repeatedly performed in an effort to ease the anxiety

PTSD

a survivor of a traumatic event will relive the fear through triggering events, overwhelming that person's ability to cope; risk factors include being female, prolonged exposure to trauma, history of self/family of depression, history of neglect/abuse during childhood

depression

one of the most common mood disorders; irritability, loss of interest/energy, feeling of sadness/hopelessness, suicidal thoughts; considered to be a chronic illness

bipolar disorder

manic depression; moods shift from highs (mania) to lows (depression); often treated with medication; 1-6% of population

schizophrenia

"split brain"; describes a collection of brain disorders that cause the afflicted to interpret reality in an extremely abnormal function; chronic disorder; no known cause but genetic and environmental factors; brains are different

childhood schizophrenia

signs include motor development, unusual repetitive behaviors, social withdrawal, and decreased interest in self-care; lifelong disorder treated with medication

paranoid schizophrenia

individual loses touch with reality, including presence of delusions and/or hallucinations; because memory and concentration may not be affected, those afflicted may be able to function within society; emotional distance; delusions (others out to harm you)

catatonic schizophrenia

loss of touch with reality combined with abnormal physical behavior; physical behavior can go from coma-like states to extremely agitated movements; physical immobility (waxy flexibility, echolalia, echopraxia, stereotyped behaviors, excessive mobility, extreme resistance to being moved)

disorganized schizophrenia

defined by words, thoughts, and behavior that fail to make sense; afflicted become frustrated and lash out; word salad; because of thought disorganization, hard to plan/coordinate/take care of oneself

schizoaffective disorder

person has combination of schizophrenic symptoms as well as symptoms of either depression or bipolar disorder

schizoid personality disorder

loner, lack of social relationships, poor at recognizing social cues, aloof, poor performance at school/work; possible associated with child abuse/neglect

schizotypal personality disorder

similar to schizophrenia, except that those with it experience far fewer delusions/hallucinations, both in intensity and frequency, and usually can be made aware of their distorted thoughts versus reality

people with \___ \___:

personality disorders

\-have difficulty interpreting situations and/or people

\-typically demonstrate rigid and unhealthy patterns of thinking regardless of situation

\-face problems and barriers in their social lives because of their behavior patterns

symptoms of personality disorders

mood swings, instable relationships, social isolation, angry outbursts, suspicion, need for instant gratification, alcohol abuse

paranoia

individual believes others are out to cause them harm; distrust others, may display hostility; emotionally detached

antisocial/sociopath

realize the difference between right and wrong, but do not care; manipulative, deceitful, unemotional, lack of personal responsibility

borderline personality disorder

significant emotional instability/mood swings; feeling of low self worth; stormy interpersonal relationships; engagement in impulsive, risky behaviors; self injury/suicidal thoughts; common for those afflicted to have history of childhood abuse/neglect

narcissistic personality disorder

belief of superiority, little regard for others; behind mask of confidence, the person is fragile and cannot handle criticism; monopolize conversations/social situations; putting yourself on a pedestal

histrionic personality disorder

individual seeks to be the center of attention, with a life full of drama; theatrical quality to their lives; emotionally over-the-top and shallow; relationships often lack depth/stability

avoidant personality disorder

socially awkward, extremely sensitive to negative evaluation

dependent personality disorder

extreme need to be taken care of; sense of urgency to be in a relationship; willingness

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

extreme need for order/perfection, rigidity to rules, seeks control over situations; not the same as OCD

thorazine

effective in alleviating symptoms of mental illness; prescription medication now the dominant option in treating mental illness

eclectic

pscyhologists are willing to use a variety of methods to help the patient; might include working with a physician in order for medication to be part of the treatment

moral treatment

philippe pinel advocated the humane treatment of the mentally ill in the early 18th century known as

dorothea dix

popularized moral treatment of mentally ill in US

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

pscyhoanalysis (freud)

discovery of the hidden self through techniques such as dream interpretation and free association; expensive and time-consuming; modern method emphasizes building relationships over short period of time

humanist (carl rogers)

focus is the client's desire to be a better self, not on the illness; therapist is to display empathy and unconditional positive regard toward the patient; therapy is client-centered; goal is self-actualization

gestalt (fritz perls)

attempts to have client have a better understanding of themselves; empty-chair technique

empty-chair technique

role-playing exercise where the client converses with an important person in their lives (represented by the chair); at some point, the client occupies the chair, playing the role of the other person

behavior modification (skinner)

changing a person's action/reactions through operant conditioning techniques; counterconditioning, systematic desensitization, flooding

counterconditioning

type of behaviorist therapy that reverses a reaction

systematic desensitization

type of behaviorist therapy which looks to lessen phobic reactions to stimuli

flooding

type of behaviorist therapy used with phobias; puts the client immediately in the most anxiety-producing state

psychopharmacology

biological therapy: uses psychotropic drugs that raise or lower specific neurotransmitters; controls the symptoms, but does not cure the illness

electroconvulsive

biological therapy: an electrical shock is sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of mental disturbance (severe depression); ineffective with schizophrenia; localized to certain areas of the brain, risk of memory loss

psychosurgery

biological therapy: only used in extreme cases (severe OCD); walter j freeman; involves purposeful removal/disconnection of parts of the brain

deinstitutionalization

society has moved to close most state-run mental hospitals and replace them with a network of places and services to allow most mentally-ill people to be integrated into society

classical conditioning

the first type of learning to be formally studied; discovered by pavlov

classical conditioning

\-conditioning occurs by connecting a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, producing an unconditioned response

\-over time, the neutral stimulus will produce the response without the unconditioned stimulus present

\-the neutral stimulus is then known as the conditioned stimulus, which produces the conditioned response

\*neutral stimulus must occur before the unconditioned stimulus

generalization

reacting to a variety of stimuli

discrimination

reacting to a specific stimuli

extinction

having a learned reaction die out (solution: reintroduce the unconditioned stimuli)

operant conditioning

BF skinner; classical conditioning most concerned with activity prior to the behavior, while operant conditioning of what occurs as a response to the behavior; behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to occur

positive reinforcement

adding a pleasant consequence in order to promote a desired behavior

negative reinforcement

removing something unpleasant as a consequence in order to promote a desired behavior

punishment

adding an unpleasant consequence in order to exterminate a behavior

schedules of reinforcement

specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

continuous reinforcement

reinforced every time

fixed-ratio reinforcement

reinforced on specified quantity

variable-ratio reinforcement

reinforced based on unspecified quantity

fixed-interval reinforcement

reinforced on specified amount of time

variable-interval reinforcement

reinforced on unspecified amount of time

shaping

operant conditioning: crafting new behaviors from old ones (cursive after printing)

chaining

operant conditioning: learning to connect a set of different behaviors together in order to form a single behavior

successive approximations

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior (reinforces shaping and chaining); albert bandura

imitation/observational learning

learning through watching the actions of others

memory

the process of storing and retrieving information that has previously been experienced/learned

three steps of memory

sensory, short-term, long-term

sensory memory

includes every bit of information that your senses experience; most of this level of memory is almost instantly lost; attention is key to whether or not this level or information will move to next level

encoding

the process of forming a memory code that will allow the individual to retrieve the information correctly; selective attention \= accurate storage; level of attention necessary depends on complexity of information

structural encoding

what does it look like?

phonetic encoding

what does it sound like?

semantic encording

what does it mean?

short-term memory

a temporary storage area for new information; without further rehearsal, will last no more than 30 seconds; interference a major issue; small storage (7 ± 2)

rehearsal and chunking

how to increase/lengthen STM capacity

chunking

STM: grouping individual bits of information together

primary-recency effect

in STM and LTM; in a list of items, people are more likely to remember those items at the front or end of the list; items in the middle are the most likely to be lost

baddeley's working memory model

STM includes a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketchpad, a central executive, and a temporary buffer; working memory capacity is stable and hereditary

phonological loop

allows for repetition of data

visuospatial sketchpad

gives a place to build/hold visual images

central executive

"mission control" that coordinates

temporary buffer

workspace that allows integration between areas and LTM

working memory capacity

how much information an indivdiual can store/manipulate at active attention; appears to be stable and hereditary

LTM

permanent memory; rehearsal and relevancy

clustering

LTM: putting similar items together

conceptual hierarchies

LTM: multilevel division of items

schemas

LTM: organized knowledge based on prior experiences/information