Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1

What is anatomy?

The science dealing with the structure of body parts.

What is physiology?

The science dealing with the functions of body parts.

What are the 11 characteristics of life?

Movement, irritability (responsiveness), growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, excretion, and maintain boundaries.

What is movement?

The change in position or motion of internal body parts

What is irritability (responsiveness)?

The ability to sense and react to events

What is growth?

Increase in body size or part without changing the shape. May be due to increase in cell count or cell growth.

What is reproduction?

Process of making a new individual, or divison of a single cell into two daughter cells

What is respiration?

Processes of obtaining oxygen, using oxygen to release energy from foods, and removing waste

What is digestion?

Process by which food is chemically changed into simpler forms that can be used by the body

What is absorption?

Passage of digestive products through the digestive organs and into the bodily fluids

What is circulation?

Movement of substances through the body in the body fluids

What is metabolism?

Changing substances into chemically different forms. (Includes all chemical reactions within a cell)

What is excretion?

Removing body wastes from the body. Can occur through the digestive system, urinary system, or respiratory system.

What is maintain boundaries?

The internal environment is distinct from the external environment.

Define metabolism...

Physical and chemical changes that occur within the body

What are the 4 vital signs?

Temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

Describe the relationship between vital signs and the characteristics of life...

The vital signs are the result of metabolic activities, so if there is an absence of vital signs it indicates death.

What are the 5 needs of organisms to maintain life?

Water, food (nutrients), oxygen, heat, and pressure

What is water used for?

Metabolic reactions and to transport substances

What does food do?

Supplies energy and materials for metabolic reactions

What is the use of O2?

Releases energy from food; the energy drives metabolic reactions

What is heat used for?

byproduct of metabolic reactions, helps control the rates of reaction

What is pressure used for?

helps breathing and blood movements

What is homeostasis?

The tendency to maintain a stable internal environment

List the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest...

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism

Define chemistry...

The science that studies the composition of substances and the changes that take place in their composition.

Define biochemistry...

The chemistry of living organism

Define matter...

Anything that has weight and takes up space

What are isotopes?

Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic weights

What does the way atoms react depend on the number of? and how does this effect metabolic reactions?

electrons and since all isotopes have the same number of electrons the all play the same role in metabolic reactions

What does it mean when an isotope is unstable?

They have unstable nuclei that decompose, releasing energy or parts of themselves. (Radioisotopes)

What is the energy that radioisotopes release called?

Atomic radiations

What are the three forms atomic radiations include?

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma

What is Alpha radiation

Particles from nuclei that travel slowly and have weak abilities to penetrate matter. CANT PENETRATE SKIN. Made of packets of 2p+2n

What is Beta radiation?

Small particles (electron like) that travel rapidly and penetrate matter more deeply. CAN PENETRATE SKIN

What is Gamma radiation?

Electromagnetic energy similar to X-ray radiation. MOST PENETRATING OF ALL FORMS

How are atomic radiations ejected?

From the atom in tiny explosions. Each kind of radioactive isotope produces one or more of these forms of atomic radiations when it decays.

What does the half-life of an isotope mean?

Is the time it takes for an isotope to lose one-half of its activity.

What equipment can be used to detect the presence of atomic radiation?

Scintillation counters

What are some radioactive substances that are used medically?

Thyroid gland - I-131
Blood vessels of the heart- Thallium-201

How does atomic radiations effect the structures of various chemical substances?

It changes the structures and can therefor change the vital cellular processes

What is biochemistry?

The study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter

What are the two classes of compounds that make up the body structure?

Organic and inorganic compounds

Describe organic compounds...

Have carbon and hydrogen, covalently bonded molecules which include Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Describe inorganic compounds...

Do no contain C and H: include water, salts, acids, and bases

What makes a non electrolyte?

Organic compounds that do not release ions when dissolved in water

What makes an electrolyte?

An inorganic molecule dissolving in water and releasing ions

What are the inorganic molecules in the body?

Water, salts, acids and bases, oxygen

What is the importance of water?

66% of human body
Acts as a substance in which chemical reactions occur
Involved in the transportation of chemicals

What is the importance of oxygen in the body?

Transported to cells by the blood
used by cell organelles to release energy that drives metabolic reactions

What is CO2 in the body?

A waste product when energy is released during cell respiration

What are inorganic salts in our body?

Sources of ions needed in metabolic reactions
They are electrolytes

Why is it important to have the proper amount of electrolytes in the body?

You could develop acidosis or alkalosis which would mean the pH levels change and reactions would not occur as they should

What are acids?

Electrolytes that release H+ in water

What makes an electrolyte acidic?

The electrolyte will release H+ in water

What are acids refered to as?

Proton donors

What determines the acidity of a solution?

The concentration of protons (H+)

What is a base referred to as?

Proton acceptor

What makes an electrolyte basic?

Electrolytes that release ions that bind to H+

What are some common bases?

Hydroxides (OH-)

What are some important bases in the body?

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Ammonia (NH3)

Acids that release a hydrogen ion and bases that release a hydroxyl ion create what?

Water and salt

What makes pH?

Concentrations of acids and bases

Why is pH important in the body?

It regulates many chemical reactions> also regulates blood pressure and breathing rate greatly.

What is most of the bodies pH?

7.4

What part of the body is the most acidic?

The stomach

What is the equation for pH?

pH= -log[H+]

How big is the difference between each whole number on the pH scale?

Tenfold difference

Why is water neutral?

It ionizes to release equal numbers oh H+ and OH-

What kind of reaction produces water and salt?

Neutralization reaction

What organs work hard to maintain pH balance?

Kidneys, lungs, and various other systems

What are buffers?

Chemical substances that resist pH change of the body

How do buffers work?

They release H+ if body becomes too basic
Release a substance that binds with H+ if too acidic

Does bound H+ affect pH?

No, only free H+ determines pH

What is a salt?

An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-

What happens to salts when they dissolve in water?

Divide into their component ions

What are salts commonly found in the body?

NaCl
Ca2CO3
KCl
Calcium Phosphate

What is cool about calcium phosphate?

Makes bones and teeth hard

What happens if proper balance of ions in our body fluids is not maintained?

All of our physiological processes stop

What is dehydration synthesis?

Chemical reaction where water is removed when a bond is formed between compounds

Is dehydration syntheses anabolic or catablolic?

Anabolic

What is hydrolysis?

When a water molecule is added to each bond causing the bond to break. It is the reverse reaction to dehydration synthesis.

Is hydrolysis anabolic or catabolic?

Catabolic

What are the organic compounds found in the body?

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

What do carbohydrates include?

Sugars and starches

What is so important about carbohydrate?

Provides much of the energy required by the cell
Contains C, H, O
Made of simple sugar molecules

What is a monosaccharide?

It is made of one sugar and is the structural unit of all carbohydrates. (includes glucose and fructose)

What is a disaccharide?

Made of two sugars (includes sucrose and lactose)

What is a polysaccharide?

Made of many sugars (Includes glycogen)

What do lipids include?

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

What are characteristics of lipids?

Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents like ether and chloroform
Constituents of cell membrane
Supplies energy to build cell parts
Contains C, H, O
Made of fatty acids and glycerol

There are many different kids of fats. Name three major ones.

Saturated fat
Unsaturated fats
tryglycerides

What is a saturated fat?

All carbon atoms are joined by a single bond C--C

What is an unsaturated fat?

All Carbon atoms have a double bond (monounsaturated and poly-unsaturated

What is a triglyceride?

A fat molecule with one glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Describe phospholipids..

Have 2 fatty acids, glycerol portion, and phosphoric acid portion
Phosphate portion is hydrophilic
Fatty acid portion is hydrophobic

Why are steroids important?

Critical for life and function

What do steroids include?

Cholesterol, sex hormones, and hormones from adrenal glands

What are proteins?

Basic structural material of the body, energy sources, hormones, receptors, antibodies, and enzymes

What are enzymes?

Proteins that act as catalysts