updated chinese

wénzhāng

文章

wén

聞(聞)

t.v., to hear

yán

言

n., words, maxim; t.v., to put into words, to create maxims; t.v., to mean

tiān

天

n., Heaven (an impersonal higher power);

s.v., to be of Heaven, Heavenly

dé

德

n., virtue, political charisma generated by a good character

xiàn

見(见)

s.v., to be visible; jiàn t.v., to see

wài

外

n., the outside

wēiyí

威儀(威仪)

n., august bearing

wéncí

文辭

n., eloquent words

jiē

皆

adv., all

shòu

受

t.v., to recieve

lǐ

理

n., Patterns, Principle (technical term in Confucian metaphysics for the underlying structure of the universe, fully complete in each thing that exists, but mannifested differently due to the concrete embodiment of each thing)

zìrán

自然

s.v., to be natural (literally, "self-so"); n., naturalness

běn

本

n., root, basis; s.v., to be fundamental

tǐ

體(体)

n., Substance (technical term in Confucian metaphysics; roughly, the 體 is what something is in itself, while its 用 yòng, Function, is how it manifests itself in action; te eye is 體, seeing is its 用; water is 體, waves are its 用）

shí

實(实)

reality (as opposed to appearance or manifestation)

rì

日

dv., daily

gù

固

adv., definitely

gòng

共

adv., jointly, as a group

zhìyú

至於(至于)

exp., when it comes to...

zé

則(则)

g.p. (contrastive topic marker)

hǎn

罕

adv., seldom

zǐ

子 Noun: -Master(honorific title following a family name) noun: son SV: to be a son, to act as a son (should)

kǒng zǐ

孔子 noun: Confucius

yuē

曰 verb: to say (used to introduce a direct quotation)

xìng

性 adv: nature (as in "human nature" or "the natures of humans")

xiāng

相 adv: to each other

jìn

近 SV to be close

yě

也 GP (comes at end of sentences to mark nominal sentences, often indicates a generalization)

xí

習 习

noun: practices

yuǎn

遠远

SV: to be far

qí

齊 齐

noun: name of a state in what is now

shāndōng

山东 shandong Province (what is now)

jǐng

景 SV: to be bright, shining Noun: Jing (honorific posthumous name)

gōng

公 noun: duke (highest hereditary title below the king)

wèn

問 问

TV: to ask someone (indirect object) about something (direct object)

zhèng

政 noun: government, governing

yú

於 于

prep: from, of (in this passage, marks indirect object of verb)

kǒng

孔 Kong (the family name of 孔子 "Master Kong" better known in the West as "Confucius")

duì

对 adv: resoundingly, in response

jūn

君 noun: ruler, lord SV: to be a ruler, to be a lord, to act as a ruler (should)

chén

臣 noun: minister SV: to be a minister, to act as a minister (should)

fù

父 noun: father SV: to be a father, to act as a father

bù

不 (tone changes to búbefore a word in 4th tone) adv: not (negates verbs or verbal phrases)

fán

樊

Noun: a family name

Chí

遲 (迟)

Noun: Chi (a personal name)

rén

仁

SV: to be fully human; to be benevolent

Noun: humaneness; benevolence

ài

愛 (爱)

TV: to love

rén

人

Noun: others, other people

zhī

知

TV: to know, to understand, to appreciate

noun: wisdom

SV: to be wise

zhě

者

(follows a verbal phrase, transforming it into a nominal phrase describing the subject of the verbal phrase: “those who…” or “that which…”)

ān

安

noun: peace, safety

tv: to regard as peaceful

lì

利

noun: profit, benefit

tv: to treat as profitable, to treat as beneficial

lè

樂 (乐)

tv: to delight in

shuǐ

水

noun: water, rivers

shān

山

noun: mountains

Yóu

由

n., You (personal name [名] of one of Kǒngzǐ's disciples)

huì

誨

t.v., to teach someone about something

rǔ

汝

you (second-person singular pronoun, used to address subordinates)

zhī

之

n., him, her, them, it (third-person pronoun; must be the object of a verb or preposition); g.p. (subordinates one nominal phrase to another, showing possession or specification)

hū

乎

g.p. (comes at the end of a sentence, transforming it into a question); g.p. (vocative particle; follows name of person addressed); prep., on, from, of

wéi

為(为)

v., to act as

shì

是

n., this

zì

自

n., self, oneself (reflexive pronoun)

míng

明

s.v., to be enlightened; s.v., to be bright

shèng

勝 (胜)

t.v., to defeat, to conquer

yǒu

有

t.v., to have;

t.v., there is, there exists

lì

力

n., strength, power

qiáng

強(强)

s.v., to be strong, to be powerful

shàn

善

s.v., to be good

zāi

哉

g.p., (exclamatory particle; usually found at the end of sentences)

xìn

信

adv., truly, genuinely; t.v., to have faith in, to have confidence in, to believe in; adv., truly genuinely

rú

如

conj., if; t.v., to be like

suī

雖(虽)

conj., although, even though

wú

吾

noun: I; n., my, mine

dé ér

得而

exp., to succeed in V-ing

shí

食

t.v., to eat

zhū

諸

g.p., (equivalent here to 之乎 zhī hū, "... it?")

hào

好

t.v., to be fond of

dào

道

n., a path;

n., a way (of living);

n., the right way to follow, the Way;

n., a linguistic account of a way;

n., the metaphysical foundation of the universe;

t.v., to give a linguistic account of something

ke

可

verb: can be... -ed

fēi

非

v., is-not (used to negate nominal sentences);

s.v., to be wrong, to be mistaken; v., is-not (used to negate nominal sentences)

héng

恆(恒)

s.v., to be constant

míng

名

noun: name; t.v., to give a name to

wú

無(无)

t.v., to lack, to not have

wàn

萬(万)

n., ten thousand, myriad

wù

物

n., thing; n., kind of thing

shǐ

始

n., beginning

mǔ

母

noun: mother

wèi

謂(谓)

t.v., to say something of someone or something

Gōngyě

公冶

Gongye (a two-syllable family name; literally "Duke's Smelter" or "Dukesmith")

Cháng

長

Chang (a personal name)

qì

妻

t.v., to give a wife to

zài

在

t.v., to be in

léi xiè

縲紲(缧绁)

n., fetters, ropes for binding prisoners

zhōng

中

n., middle, midst n., middle, midst

qí

其

n., his, her, its, their;

qí n., the (as in "the Way," "the man")

zuì

罪

n., crime, fault

yǐ

以

v., using, taking, by means of

zēng

曾

(the family name of one of Kǒngzǐ's disciples) Zeng