any system including the human nervous system can be studied at various levels of analysis
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Microscopic
molecules and cells in the nervous system
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Mesoscopic
groups of cells linked together in various systems
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Macroscopic
the whole human interacting in their environment
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Distributed control
at any one time the nervous system coordinates many different activities
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Adaptation
the human nervous system is able to change which can lead to changes in behavior and can be shaped by the environment
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Neuro-occupation
reciprocal relationship between the nervous system and occupation
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Localization of function
particular structure in the nervous system can be loosely tied to particular functions
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Topographical organization
the brain can loosely be compared to a map
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Brodmann’s areas
classification system which uses numbers to label individual areas of the cortex that are cellularly similar
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Hemispheric specialization
each hemisphere of the brain is connected to some specific functions
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Phylogenetic layers
most newer parts of our brain are located at the top of our head and more primitive parts are located deeper and lower
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Crossed representation
for most sensory and motor functions, the left side of the brain functionally corresponds to the right side of the body and vice versa
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Cell
Cell body
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Nerve fibers
Dendrites and axons
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White matter
white tissue of the CNS rich with myelinated axons
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Gray matter
gray tissue of the CNS rich with neuronal cell bodies (nuclei)
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Glial cells, neuroglia, glia
non-neural cells
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Sulcus (sulci)
crevices of the brain (2/3s) of the brain is found in the sulci)
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Gyrus (gyri)
ridges of the brain
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Fissure
a deep sulcus
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Cortex
outer layer of an organ or body structure
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Group(s) of functionally or structurally related cell bodies (CNS)
nucleus (nuclei)
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Groups(s) of functionally or structurally related cell bodies (PNS)
ganglion (ganglia)
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Group(s) of parallel axons (CNS)
tract, fasciculus, lemniscus, peduncle
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Group(s) of parallel axons (PNS)
nerve, ramus, root
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Group(s) of several parallel tracts or fasciculi
funiculus, column
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Group of axons connecting one side of the CNS with the other
commisure
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Group(s) of functionally related cells that from a layer
layer, lamina, stratum
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CNS
brain and spinal cord which are enclosed by bone
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PNS
extension of the CNS that includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves which aren’t encased by bone or protected by the blood-brain barrier
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
innervates smooth muscle and glands; regulates homeostasis
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Somatic nervous system (SNS)
innervates mainly musculoskeletal tissue and skin
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What is in the diencephalon?
cerebellum and brainstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
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What cells form the PNS?
Neural crest cells
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Sulcus limitans
longitudinal groove in wall of the neural tube in the 4th week
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What is dorsal to the sulcus limitans?
the alar plate
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What function does the alar plate have?
sensory functions
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What is ventral to the sulcus limitans?
the basal plate
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What function does the basal plate have?
motor functions
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What are the 3 primary vesicles?
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon
Studied by 4 people
