Intro to Psych Exam 2

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130 Terms

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Function of serial position

Graph mapping proportion recalled of a list of terms in order

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Primary effect

Greater likelihood of remembering items at beginning of list

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Recency effect

Greater likelihood of remembering last items seen on a list

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Control processes

Control movement of information within and between memory stores

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Sensory memory

Memory formed automatically that holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics, large capacity, brief retention

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Iconic memory

Sensory memory’s visual info

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Echoic memory

Sensory memory’s auditory info

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Attention

Transfers information from sensory memory to working memory

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Dichotic listening task

Demonstrates selective listening, two audio streams w/ one input per ear

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Selective attention

The processes that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information.

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Cocktail party effect

Example of selective attention: focus on single convo in noisy room

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Working memory

The conscious processing of information, where information is actively worked on,

Capacity - limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items)
Duration – brief storage (about 30 seconds)

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Maintenance rehearsal

Mental or verbal repetition of informationAllows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds

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Components of working memory

Central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop

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Long term memory

Organizes and stores information, more passive form of storage than working memory

Capacity - Unlimited
Duration - Thought by some to be permanent

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Encoding

Process that coordinates the flow of working memory information into long-term memories

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Retrieval

Process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store

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Explicit/declarative memory

Memory consciously recalled or declared, can use to directly respond to a question

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Episodic memory

Memory tied to personal experiences

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Semantic memory

Memory not tied to personal experiences, general facts and definitions about the world

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Implicit/non-decarative memory

Influences thoughts or behavior without entering consciousness, enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses

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Priming

Priming is influence of one memory on another, and is implicit because it does not depend on awareness and is automatic

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Conceptual priming

The semantic meaning of priming stimulus influences your encoding or retrieval, thought to involve activation of concepts stored in semantic memory

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Perceptual priming

Priming that facilitates concept retrieval based solely on low-level perceptual attributes, primes a concept without the use of concepts

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Automatic encoding

Most encoding occurs without effort: Most errors in retrieval occur here.

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Effortful encoding

Need to focus on meaning of information to encode it into LTM, not simply repeating but focus on concept

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Levels of processing

Different levels elaboration into LTM:

  • Structural (shallow)

  • Phonemic (intermediate processing)

  • Semantic (deep processing)

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Encoding-specificity principle

Within what context information is encoded governs what and how information will be retrieved, the closer retrieval conditions are to encoding conditions the better the recall.

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State-dependency memory

Encoding processes can be associated with a particular internal state, improved recall when internal state matches the internal state during retrieval.

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Chunking

Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information

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Schema

A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information, participants tend to falsely “remember” schema consistent items and not remember schema inconsistent items.

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Script

A cognitive framework for a sequence of actions that describe an activity, participants tend to falsely “remember” script consistent people/actions and not remember script inconsistent items.

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Weapon focus

“Window of attention” narrows during high-arousal situations

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Flashbulb memories

Episodic memories during major events: Vividness ratings remain high, more “think” they remember more than they actually do.

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Encoding failure

Inability to remember information due to insufficient encoding

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Decay theory of forgetting

Once stored in LTM, information gradually decays as a function of time (false)

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Retroactive interference

More recent learning interferes with memory for something in the past

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Proactive interference

Information learned in the past interferes with learning something new

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Central executive

Chooses focus

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Visuospatial sketchpad

The visuospatial sketchpad refers to our ability temporarily to hold visual and spatial information

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Episodic buffer

It is a temporary store that integrates information from the other components and maintains a sense of time, so that events occur in a continuing sequence

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Phonological loop

The “phonological loop” is the speech- and sound-related component of working memory and holds verbal and auditory information

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Conditioned memory

Classical conditioning memory, automatic

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Procedural memory

Memory that enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses

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Number of neurons in brain

100-150 billion

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Peripheral Nervous System

contains all the neural networks that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord, motor system and sensory system

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Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

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Neuron

A neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system that transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, which allows them to receive, process, and transmit signals, respectively.

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Cell body

Signal integration zone; defined by the presence of a nucleus

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Dendrite

Receives neural signals from other neurons

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Axon Hillock

Axon hillock is the neuronal region in the cell body wherein the summation of the excitatory & inhibitory activity occurs

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Axon

Sends neural signals to neurons, muscles, glands

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Myelin sheath

Myelin is an insulating layer around neurons, improves transmission

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Nodes of ranvier

A gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve

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Axon collaterals

Spread to multiple axon terminals

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Axon terminals

Connect to other neurons

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Apical dendrite

At apex of pyramidal neuron

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Basal densrite

At cell body of pyramidal neuron

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Glial cell

Glial cells are a type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment

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Schwann cell

Create myelin sheath in PNS

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Oligodendrocyte cells

myelin sheath in CNS

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Multiple sclerosis

White blood cells attack myelin sheath, eventually myelin sheath impedes neurons b/c of scar tissue, person dies

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Microglial cells

Help clean debris in extracellular space

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Astrocyte cells

Physical support regulate blood cell, control extracellular environment

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Motor nuerons

Send axons to muscles or glands, control movement

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Sensory nuerons

Alter response rates based on changes in the environment, 5 senses

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Internuerons

Rest of the neuron population – receive and send signals to other neurons

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Action potential

Rapid change in the electrical polarity of the cell membrane that gives way to neurotransmitter release

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Ion channels

Allow for different ions to enter/leave the intracellular space at different times. As a result, neuron cell membranes are semipermeable to certain ions.

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Charge in neuron

Negative

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Charge outside neuron

positive

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Synaptic vesicles

Transport neurotransmitters

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Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Block chemical message from being passed, hyper polarize

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Excitatory neurotransmitter

Cause nuerons to fire message, depolarizes

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Resting potential

Normal state of post-synaptic neuron, negative charge

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Nuerotransmitters

Open sodium-ion channel, allow positive charges to enter

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Threshold

After reaching threshold, charge jumps to very positive charge for a while, does stuff (positive polarization)

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Hyperpolarization

After very positive charge, neuron gets tired and goes below resting potential by pushing positive potassium out

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Pre-synaptic neuron

before the synapse and is the cell releasing the “message”

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Post-synaptic neuron

target cell, is after the synapse and is the cell receiving the “message”

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Synaptic cleft

Gap between pre and post-synaptic neurons

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Spatial summation

Pre-synaptic neurons arriving at nearby locations will sum more than those arriving at distant locations

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Temporal summation

Pre-synaptic signals that arrive close together in time will sum more than those arriving farther apart in time.

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Structural measures of brain

Physical measures

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Functional measures of brain

Measures what parts are working

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Invasive

Hole in skull

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Non-invasive

Skull in-tact

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In vivo

Brain in body

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In vitro

Brain removed from body

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Postmortem brain examination

Structural, invasive, in vitro,

Removal of brain from dead body

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CT scan

Structural, noninvasive, in vivo

Image of brain

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MRI

Structural, non-invasive, in vivo

Magnetic field makes atoms align, creates 3-D high def image

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PET scan

Functional, non-invasive, in vivo

Injection of radioactive glucose, shows active areas of brain, but bad resolution and can’t be done often

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EEG

Functional, non-invasive, in vivo

While the active neuron is firing action potentials, the dendrites and cell body form a small electric dipole, good with time

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fMRI

Functional, non-invasive, in vivo

Blood-oxygen signal, best spatial resolution, poor temporal resolution

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Hindbrain

Medulla, cerebellum, pons

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Medulla

Automatic function, life forces, brain-spinal cord relay

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Cerebellum

Equilibrium; postural reflexes; general gait; muscle coordination.

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Pons

Regulates sleep and arousal states

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Midbrain

Substantia nigra