Immunology Exam 1

Immunology

All physiological mechanisms that endow an animal ( or plant) with the capacity to recognize materials as foreign and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them with or without harm to the host ( tissue injury)

Immunology has the ability of the host to do what?

Recognize self and non self

Immune is derived from the Latin word

Immunis

Immunis means

Free from burden

Serology

Study of serum / study of antibodies in serum

Serum is blood without ____ factors

clotting

Plasmas has ____ factors

clotting

Serum has coagulation ____ absent

Protein

Plasma has coagulated ____ still present

protein

Diagnosis of disease using antibody present in the serum is?

Serology

Immunity

Development and improvement of immunizations to prevent disease

Immunochemistry

Identification and study of properties, functions, and interactions of components of the immune system - antibody structure

What are the antibody classifications?

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA

Immunobiology

Study of phylogeny and ontogeny of the immune system, and tumor immunology, allergy, and transplantation

Diffuse System Tissues

Thymus, Bone Marrow, Lymphatic System, Lymph Nodules, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Circulation

Cell populating what tissues?

Lymphocytes, Antigen Presenting Cells, Inflammatory WBCs

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Thymus (T-cells), Bursal Equivalent Tissue (B-Cells)

Secondary Lymphoid Organ

Lymph Nodules, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Circulation

Which lymphoid organs spread throughout the body

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Hematopoietic Stem Cell is the source of what?

All blood cell components

What is the location of stem cells

Bone Marrow

Thymus is maturation of what?

Pre-lymphocytes into T-Cells

Thymus Function

Cell Mediated Immune Responses and Immune Regulation

Bursal Equivalent Tissues is maturation of what?

B - Cells

Bursal Equivalent Tissue function?

Humoral Immunity ( Antibody)

How do you know when the B - Cell is mature?

when antibody is present to bind

T - Cells Nomenclature

Pro-thymocytes - Thymocytes - T-cells

Pro-thymocytes

Immature lymphocytes leave bone marrow in the circulation on the way to the thymus

Thymocyte

Immature lymphocytes in the thymus undergoing maturation

T - cells

Mature lymphocytes in the process of leaving the thymus

Maturation is _______/________ independent - isolated form antigen

Immunogen / Antigen

Capsule

Shell or boarder

Cortex

Outer, densely packed thymocytes due to cell division

Medulla

Inner, loosely packed, exit for thymocytes into circulation as T-cells

What are the Blood Thymus Barriers?

Epithelial Cell Layer, Perivascular Sheath, Endothelial Cell Capillary Wall

T- cells leave the thymus by

Intraepithelial Passage

What is the Bursa of Fabricius

Modified piece of intestinal tissue found in birds, location of B-cell maturation

Do mammals have a bursa?

No

Where does B - cell maturation take place in mammals?

Bone Marrow

Maturation definition

Presence of antigen receptors on each cell type

B - Cells responsibilities

Humoral Immunity / Antibody

T- cells responsibilities

Cell Mediated Immunity

Regulate B- cells and antibody synthesis and secretion

Activate macrophages and mediate inflammation

Act as cytotoxic cells able to kill target cells

Secondary Lymphoid Organs contain

Mature T and B Cells

Secondary Lymphoid Organs is the site where

The specific immune response is generated and where lymphocytes interact with antigen

Lymph Nodules

Allow immune cells/tissues to be in direct contact with the environment --- antigen

M.A.L.T.

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue

What are the Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissues?

BALT, GALT, UGALT, Conjunctiva of the eye and salivary glands

B.A.L.T

Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue

G.A.L.T.

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

U.G.A.L.T.

Urogenital Associated Tissue

M Cells function

Ingest foreign material and pull in into T & B cells

Gut Associated Lymphoid tissue are made up of

M - Cells

APC ( Antigen Presenting Cells)

B - Cells

T - Cells

M.A.M.P

Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns

Lymph Nodule is associated with

Secretory IgA

Lymphatic System is a

Network of vessels designed to collect fluid from tissue that leaks out of capillary beds. They collect soluble antigens in tissue

Fluid that leaks out of the capillary bed is collected by the

Lymphatic vessels

How many liters of fluid do the capillaries leak every day

20

How many liters of fluid leave the capillaries?

20

How many liters come back to the capillaries?

17

Where do the other 3 liters of fluid go?

They go into the lymphatic system

Lymphedema

Fluid retention in tissues

Lymphatic System connects to the _____ system

Circulatory

The lymphatic system joins the circulatory system at the right and left ______ __with most moving through the__ _____ into the left subclavian vein

Subclavian vein/ Thoracic Duct

T - cells travel through the lymphatic / circulatory system & looks for _____ to kill.

Antigens

Lymph Nodes function

Collections of immune cells that filter the lymph and detect foreign material carried in the lymph fluid

Afferent Lymphatic

Vessel that bring lymph into the lymph node - inward flow

Efferent Lymphatic

Vessel that takes lymph from the lymph node - outward flow

Lymph Node Capsule

Well defined boarder of a lymph node

Lymph Node Cortex

B - cell dependent area housing Primary follicles (unstimulated B- cells) and Germinal Center (stimulated B - cells)

Lymph Node Paracortical Area

T- cell dependent area contains post-capillary venules which allow cells to enter the lymph node form the circulation

Lymph Node Medulla

Center of the lymph node near the efferent lymphatic

Lymph Node Medullary Cords

Structure that traps Plasma cell

What is unstimulated B - cells

Resting B - cells waiting for antigen

Which lymph node structures have to be close to each other

Cortex and Paracortical Area

Post capillary venules

Small vein after capillary

B - Cell Proliferation is stimulated by what

Antigen

Clonal Selection

Bind to different B- cells

Clonal Proliferation

Have to have enough cells to get an immune response

Why is it important lymphocytes to circulate?

So they can get into the areas that they are needed

T- cell circulation

Post capillary venule in paracortical area

Paracortical area

Medulla

Efferent Lymphatic

Lymph Node Chain

Lymph to Thoracic Duct

Selectins and Leukocyte Function Associated Antigens function?

Regulate lymphocyte migration into selected lymphoid tissues

Recirculation specificity

Lymphocytes enter and leave the same tissues due to receptors

Spleen Anatomical Function

Repository for RBCs

Spleen Anatomical Features

Red Pulp - RBCs

White Pulp - Lymphoid

Primary follicle, Germinal Center, Perivascular Sheath are in

White pulp

Lymphoid Tissue and Germinal Center is which dependent.

B - Cell dependent

Perivascular Heath is which dependent

T - Cell dependent

Blood has what percent of WBCs

20 - 40 %

Lymph has what percent WBCs

99%

B- cell can turn into

memory cells

B- cells turn into what to turn into anit

T- cells have what type of receptor

T - cell ( TCR, IgT)

CD Markers

Found a cluster of genetic information that defined the diversity of T - cells

Th helper =

CD4

Th 1

Promotes cellular immunity mainly through stimulating macrophages

Th 2

Promotes humoral immunity mainly by stimulating B - cells to produce antibody