Anatomy of Heart

Pericardium

fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the beginning of the great vessels

Where is the heart located?

middle mediastinum, between lungs

heart is bounded anteriorly by

the sternum and costal cartilage

How much of the heart is to the left of the midline?

2/3

apex of the heart

directed downward to the left side

chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

The right side of the heart pumps

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

the left side of the heart pumps

oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

right atrium receives blood from

the body through superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

The right ventricle receives blood from the

right atrium via right atrioventricular orifice

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

lungs via pulmonary trunk

left atrium receives blood from

the lungs via pulmonary veins

left ventricle receives blood from

left atrium via left atrioventricular orifice

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

body via aorta

the apex of the heart is formed by

left ventricle

base of the heart is formed by

left atrium

auricle of the heart

lumpy and wrinkled flap of the atria

Sternocostal surface of the heart

Sternocostal surface of the heart is formed by the

right ventricle, right atrium and a strip of left ventricle along the left border

diaphragmatic surface of the heart

diaphragmatic surface of the heart is formed by the

1/3 of right ventricle and 2/3 of left ventricle

right pulmonary surface of the heart

right pulmonary surface of the heart is formed by the

right atrium

left pulmonary surface of the heart

left pulmonary surface of the heart is formed by the

left ventricle

in relation to the ribs where does the apex lie

to the left of the 5th intercostal space

in relation to the thoracic vertebrae where does the base of the heart lie

opposite the middle of thoracic vertebraes 5 through 8

what part of the heart stays motionless throughout cardiac cycle

apex

coronary sinus

chief venous structure that drains the heart

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

right atrium

Right border of the heart is formed by

right atrium

The left border of the heart is formed by the

left atrium and left ventricle

inferior border of the heart is formed by the

right ventricle and part of the right atrium

superior border of the heart is formed by the

two atria mainly the left

superior border of the heart is hidden by

the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, and superior vena cava

pericardium consists of

outer fibrous layer and inner serous sac

outer fibrous layer

fibrous pericardium

inner serous sac

serous pericardium

layers of serous pericardium

parietal layer and visceral layer

parietal layer of serous pericardium

lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium

visceral layer of serous pericardium is the

epicardium and the outer layer of the heart

pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart

pericardial cavity is filled with

pericardial fluid

Function of pericardial fluid

enables the heart to move and beat in a frictionless environment

fibrous pericardium fuses with \________ superiorly

the great vessels

fibrous pericardium fuses with \________ inferiorly

central tendon of diaphragm

fibrous pericardium is attached anteriorly to the

sternum

fibrous pericardium is attached anteriorly by

weak sternopericardial ligaments

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

what can be heard due to pericarditis

pericardial friction rub

what causes pericardial friction rub

opposing layers of serous pericardium make a detectable sound

nerve supply of the fibrous pericardium

phrenic nerve

nerve supply of the parietal pericardium

phrenic nerve

nerve supply of the visceral pericardium

the vagus (parasympathetic) and sympathetic nerves

the nerves that supply the visceral pericardium are \_______ nerves

autonomic

pericardial effusion

accumulation of fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of pericardium

pericardial effusion treatment

pericardiocentesis

pericardiocentesis

aspiration of fluid from pericardial sac

pericardiocentesis technique

needle is passed through 4th and 5th intercostal space close to sternum where heart and pericardium are not covered by pleura

valve function

prevent backflow of blood

where does the tricuspid valve lie

at the right atrioventricular orifice

where does the mitral valve lie

at the left atrioventricular orifice

where does the pulmonary valve lie

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

where does the aortic valve lie

between left ventricle and aorta

what is the tricuspid valve formed of

fibrous ring and three cusps

name the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve

anterior, posterior, septal

what is the mitral valve formed of

fibrous ring and 2 cusps

name the cusps of the aortic valve

right, left, posterior

name the cusps of the pulmonary valve

anterior, right, left

name the walls of the heart

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

epicardium

outermost layer of the heart and is the visceral serous pericardium

epicardium is made of

simple squamous epithelium

Myocardium

Thick middle muscle layer of the heart

myocardium is made up of

cardiac muscle tissue

endocardium

the innermost layer of the heart

endocardium is made up of

simple squamous epithelium

interior of right atrium

-atrium proper
-sinus venarum
-septal wall

atrium proper is made of

pectinate muscles

texture of atrium proper

rough

sinus venarum texture

smooth

Sinus venarum receives the opening of

superior and inferior vena cave, and coronary sinus

fossa ovalis

border of the fossa ovalis

Annulus ovalis

flaw in the septum that divides the two atria of the heart

atrial septal defect

an opening in the septum separating the ventricles

ventricular septal defect

Tetralogy of Fallot

congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects

4 Heart Defects of Tetralogy of Fallot

narrowing of pulmonary valve, thickening of right ventricular wall, displacement of aorta and ventricular septal defect

openings into the left atrium

-4 pulmonary veins
-left AV orifice

Wall of left atrium is mainly smooth or rough?

Smooth (receives four pulmonary veins)

Which atrial wall is thicker?

left

Which ventricular wall is thicker?

left

why is the left ventricular wall thicker

because the blood pressure in pulmonary circulation is less than in systemic circulation

shape of left ventricle

circular

Shape of right ventricle

Crescent-shaped

why is the right ventricle crescent shaped

because of the bulging of the ventricular septum into the cavity

inflowing part of ventricles

where blood flows from atrium through AV orifice to ventricle

outflowing part of ventricles

where blood flows from ventricle to pulmonary trunk or aorta

texture of inflowing part of ventricles

is rough

why is the inflowing part of a ventricle rough

due to the presence of trabeculae carnae and papillary muscles

trabeculae carnae

Muscle ridges in ventricles