COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Communicable disease

often the leading causes of all illness in the country today; economic psychological, disabling, and distinguishing effects; transferred from one infected person to a susceptible and uninfected person and maybe caused by microorganisms

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi and Parasites

types of microorganism causing infections

 Etiologic agent (microorganism)

extent to which any microorganisms is capable of producing an infectious process

Reservoir (host)

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Habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies

Portal of exit

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Path by which a pathogen leaves its host

Direct Transmission

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involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person through touching, biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse.

Vehicle-borne Transmission

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 transport and introducing infectious agent

Vector-born transmission

animal or flying or crawling insects that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agents.

true (portal of entry)

T o F: Before a person can became infected, microorganisms must enter the body. Often, microorganisms enter the body of the host by the same route they used to leave the source.

Susceptible host

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Any person who is at risk for infection

Handwashing

most important procedure for preventing the transfer of microorganisms

Immunization

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process of introducing vaccine into the body to produce antibodies

False (more than once)

given only once since the first dose gives full projection the body needs

Booster

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needed to give the body full projection against the disease.

Hepatitis B vaccine

An early start of Hepatitis B reduces the chance of acquiring hepatic CA.

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 BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin)

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Given at the earliest possible protects against the possibility of infection for other family members.

Chemoprophylaxis

 Administration of drugs to prevent occurrence of infection

Penicillin

for gonorrhea (chemoprophylaxis)

Chloroquine

for malaria (chemoprophylaxis)

INH

for tuberculosis (chemoprophylaxis)

Mechanical Prophylaxis

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Placing mechanical barriers between the sources of agent and host such as use of mosquito nets, masks or gloves

Influenza

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 chilly sensation or chills, aches or pain in the back and limbs; In the Philippines, it ranks 6th in the leading cause of morbidity (DOH, 2014)

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Influenza virus A, B, and C

Causative agent of influenza

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direct contact, through droplet infection, or by articles

MOT of influenza

Self-limiting and antiviral drugs (if prescribed)

treatment for influenza

Bird Flu or Avian Influenza

It is an infectious disease of birds ranging from mild to severe form of illness.

Influenza Virus A (H5N1)

causative agent of Bird Flu

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Thru inhalation of/or contamination with infected discharges of feces of infected bird/chicken

MOT of bird flu

Oseltamivir

antiviral drugs for bird flu; it stop the progress of the illness if given within the first 2 days from the onset of fever

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SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

It is a newly recognized form of a typical pneumonia that had been described in patient in Asia, North America and Europe. The earliest known cases were identified in Guangdong Province, China in November 2002

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SARS Coronavirus

causative agent of SARS M

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Prodromal phase of SARS

  Body temperature of more than 38 C sometimes with chill, malaise and headache; During this stage the infectivity is none or low

Respiratory phase of SARS

  Within 2 to 7 days the illness may proceed to this stage characterized by dry nonproductive cough with or without respiratory distress; Common findings include hypoxia, dullness on percussion and decreased breath sounds on Physical examination; infectivity is highest during this phase

Antiviral and steroids

this are sometimes given to SARS patients to reduce lung swelling but aren't effective for everyone.

because there is no confirmed treatment

MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)

\- First identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012.

\- Zoonotic virus, which means it is a virus that is transmitted between animals and people

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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Causative agent of MERS

MOT OF MERS

Contact with infected body fluids, respiratory secretions, raw or undercooked camel meat, and unpasteurized dairy products of camels may be other sources of transmission to humans

Dromedary Camels

Reservoir of MERS

Treatment for MERS

no vaccine available;    Treatment is supportive and based on the patient’s clinical condition

 2019-nCoV

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 a new virus that causes respiratory illness in people and can spread from person-to-person. This virus was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China; an RNA virus related to both MERS and SARS coronaviruses

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2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

causative agent of covid

treatment for ncov-19

NO VACCINE AVAILABLE; can seek medical care to help relieve symptoms.

Pneumonia

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An acute infectious disease of the lungs usually caused by the pneumococcus resulting in the consolidation of one or more lobes of either one or both lungs.

Rank of pneumonia in the PH

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2nd in the leading cause of morbidity (DOH, 2014) and ranks 4th in the leading cause of mortality with a rate of 54.2 per 100,000 population (DOH, 2013)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Diplococcus pneumonia)

·        Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

·        Mycoplasma pneumoniae

·        Occasionally Klebsiella pneumoniae

·        Viruses (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

CA OF PNEUMONIA

prevention of pneumonia

bed rest, water intakement, tepid sponge bath, and antibiotics

 Chicken Pox (Varicella)

An acute infectious disease of sudden onset with slight fever. Mild constitutional symptoms and eruption which are macula-papular for few hours vesicular for 3-4 days and leaves granular scabs.

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Varicella-Zoster virus

CA of chicken pox

Varicella

treatment  in normal children is a mild disease and requires no treatment. (chicken pox)

Acyclovir

treatment for chicken pox that can prevent the development of systemic disease in varicellainfected immunosuppressed patients and can halt the progression of zoster in adults.

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Meningococcemia

The disease is usually sporadic (cases occur alone or may affect household members with intimate contact)

\- Although primarily a disease of children, It may occur among adult especially in condition of forced overcrowding such as institution, jail and barracks.

\- There is an increase rate in smokers, overcrowded households and military recruits.

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Neisseria meningitidis

CA of Meningitidis

Penicillin G

is the drug of choice for treating patients with meningococcal disease.

chloramphenicol or a third- generation cephalosporin

used drug for treatment for Meningococcemia if the patient is allergic to penicillin

Tuberculosis

 A highly contagious bacterial infection, primarily affecting the lungs but can also affect other organs of the body like brain, liver, kidney, intestine, GUT, and bones

·        World’s deadliest disease and remains as a major public health problem in the Philippines.

·        It often occurs in children of underdeveloped and developing countries in the form of primary complex especially after a bout of a deliberating childhood disease such as measles.

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ranks 8th and 10th in the leading cause of morbidity (2014)

ranking of tb in the ph

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ca of tb

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  BCG vaccination of newborn, infants, grade 1/ school entrants

prevention for tb

one tablet per day in intensive phase for 2 months

number of tablets to be taken if the drugs are isonizid, rifampicin, ethambutol (tuberculosis)

two tablets per day in intensive phase for 2 months

number of tablets to be taken if the drugs is Pyrazinamide (tuberculosis)

Measles

An acute highly communicable infection characterized by fever, rashes and symptoms referable to upper respiratory tract; the eruption is preceded by about 2 days of coryza, during which stage grayish pecks (“koplik spots”) may be found on the inner surface of the cheeks.

\- Death is due to the complication (ex. Secondary to pneumonia, usually in children under 2 years old)

\- is severe among malnourished children with fatality of 95- 100%

Measles virus

CA of measles

False (there is none)

t or f: there is a therapy for measles

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***MUMPS (Epidemic Parotitis)***

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An acute contagious characterized by swelling of one or both parotid (salivary glands), usually occurring in epidemic areas.

Mumps virus, a member of the family Paramyxoviridae

CA of MUMPS

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 Immunization with attenuated live mumps virus vaccine

best approach for prevention of mumps

True

t or f: there is no specific therapy for mumps, only rest and use warm or cold compress

Diphtheria

Acute febrile infection of the tonsil, throat, nose, larynx or a wound marked by a patch or patches of grayish membrane from which the diphtheria bacillus is readily cultured.

 Corynebacterium diphtheriae

CA of diphtheria

Antitoxin (injected into a vein or muscle) and antibiotics

treatment for diphtheria

whooping cough or pertussis

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Acute infection of respiratory tract. It begins as an ordinary cold, which in typical case increasingly severe, and after the second week is attended by paroxysm of cough ending in a characteristics whoop as the breath is drawn in.

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Bordetella pertussis

CA OF PERTUSSIS

\:Antibiotics such as erythromycin

treatment for pertussis; to shorten the period of communicability

Tetanus neonatorum and tetanus among older age group

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cute disease induced by toxin of Tetanus bacilli growing anaerobically in wounds and at the umbilicus among the infants. Characterized by muscle contraction.

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 Clostridium tetani

CA of tetanus ***neonatorum and tetanus among older age group***

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TRUE

T or f:  Immediate source of infection is soil, street dust, animals and human feces (tetanus)

·        Proper care of wounds contaminated with soil

·        Prophylactic use of antitoxin

·        Administration of penicillin

treatment for tetanus

Poliomyelitis

 Its most severe form, causes paralysis, difficulty of breathing and sometimes death.

\- Any patient below 15 years old with acute flaccid paralysis including those with Guillain-Barre syndrome

Poliovirus

CA of poliomyelitis

·        Vaccination (OPV or IPV)

·        Improve personal hygiene

·        Improve public sanitation

prevention for poliomyelitis (note: there is no available treatment)

Leprosy

Is an infectious disease and is a leading cause of permanent physical disability among the communicable disease

\- It is chronic mildly communicable disease that mainly affects the skin the peripheral nerves, the eyes and mucosa of URT

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 mycobacterium leprae

CA of Leprosy

madarosis

loss of eyebrow la

lagophthalmos

inability to close eyelids

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 Ambulatory chemotherapy through use of MDT

treatment of leprosy

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**BACILLARY DYSENTERY (Shigellosis)**

 An acute bacterial infection of the intestine characterized by diarrhea, fever, tenesmus and in severe cases bloody mucoid stools.

·        Severe infections are frequent in infants and in elderly debilitated persons

CA of bacillary dysentery

Shigella sonnei, boydi, flexneri, and dysenteriae

MOT of bacillary dysentery

Eating of contaminated foods or drinking contaminated water and by hand to mouth transfer of contaminated materials; by flies, by objects soiled with feces of a patient or carrier.

• Ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim– sulfamethoxazole are most commonly inhibitory

• Many cases are self-limited.

• Give ORESOL to replace lost body fluid

treatment for Shigella isolates.

Typhoid fever (enteric fever)

Systemic infection with involvement of lymphoid tissue, splenomegaly, rose spots on trunks and diarrhea.

\- Many mild typical infections are often unrecognized.

Salmonella typhi

CA of typhoid fever

 Antibiotics, such as **ciprofloxacin**, may be given to adults. **Ceftriaxone** (injectable antibiotic) may be given topregnant women and children

treatment for typhoid fever C

Chlora (el tor)

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An acute serious illness characterized by sudden onset of acute and profuse colorless diarrhea, vomiting, severe dehydration, muscular cramps, cyanosis and in severe cases collapse.

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Vibrio cholerae (El Tor)

CA of cholera

·        Rehydration therapy

·        Antibiotic treatment is indicated for severe cases

·        Zinc treatment has also been shown to help improve cholera symptoms in children

treatment for cholera

HEPATITIS A (Infectious hepatitis, Epidemic hepatitis, Catarrhal jaundice)

A form of hepatitis occurring either sporadically or in epidemics and caused by virus introduced by fecally contaminated water or food.

\- Young people especially school children are most frequently affected

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

CA of hepa A

  Postexposure prophylaxis

·        Complete bed rest

·        Adequate nutrition, and fluids

treatment for Hepa A

**SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS (STH)**

 It is the third most prevalent infection worldwide second only to the diarrheal disease and tuberculosis

\- The prevalence of STH among the 2 to 5 yrs. old but lesser they suffer the greatest impact to the disease when they are infected.

Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm (ancylostoma duodenale) and necator americanus

CA of STH