Reproduction Test

Cell Reproduction

cells that are exact copies of the cells they replace

Cell division

Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

stages

qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development

interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

daughter cells

the two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis

Somatic (body) cells

diploid cells that include all cells in a multicellular organism except the sperm or egg cells

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Spindle fibers

help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules

Cell plate

A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.

Chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Sex cells

gametes

Monoploid

of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes

Haploid

(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

Diploid

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

Asexual Reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.

Sporulation

endospore formation

Regeneration

The ability to regrow a missing part of the body

Vegetative Propagation

A form of asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetically identical offshoots (clones) of themselves, which then develop into independent plants.

tubers

the thick, fleshy parts of underground stems, such as potatoes

runners

Above ground stems from which new plants can grow

rhizomes

horizontal underground stems

bulbs

the round parts of some plants that are underground

cuttings

Pieces of stem or root cut from a plant to produce new plants

grafting

method of propagation used to reproduce seedless plants and varieties of woody plants that cannot be propagated from cuttings

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

- fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote
- gametes formed by meiosis
- reproduction is primarily or exclusively sexual for most animals

Sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Zygote

fertilized egg

Gametogenesis

production of gametes

Gametes

sex cells

Spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm

Oogenesis

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

Gonads

ovaries and testes

Ovaries

Glands that produce the egg cells and hormones

Sperm

Male sex cell

Egg

Female sex cell

Polar Bodies

cells with little more than DNA that are eventually broken down

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

Internal

inside

External

outside

Embryonic Development

The process by which the embryo is formed and develops, until it develops into a fetus.

Embryology

study of embryos and their development

cleavage

A mineral's ability to split easily along flat surfaces.

morula

solid ball of cells

blastula

hollow ball of cells

gastrula

An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

Internal Development

entering a new business through investment in new facilities, often called corporate entrepreneurship and new venture development

External Development

egg develops outside of the mother

Human Reproduction

• ovum combines with the sperm, each of which contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46

Puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Secondary Sex Characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Testes

male gonads

Scrotum

External sac that contains the testes

Epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.

Vas Deferens

tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Prostate Gland

A gland in males that contributes to the seminal fluid.

Urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Penis

Male reproductive organ

Semen

seed

Ejaculation

ejection of sperm and fluid from the male urethra

Ovaries

Glands that produce the egg cells and hormones

Follicles

clusters of cells surrounding a single egg

Ovulation

The process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month

Fallopian Tube

tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs

Oviduct

Fallopian tube; tube that carries eggs from an ovary to the uterus

Uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

Cervix

The opening to the uterus

Vagina

A muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

Fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Gestation

growth process from conception to birth

Menstrual Cycle

Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg.

Follicle Stage

the stage of the menstrual cycle where the pituitary gland produces FSH which starts the maturation of an egg

Ovulation

The process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month

Corpus Luteum Stage

a stage of the menstrual cycle in which the cells of the follicle are transformed into the corpus luteum under the influence of LH

Menstruation

The shedding of the uterine lining

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

-Flowering plants reproduce by sexual and asexual means and are the dominant plant form on land
-Reproductive organs are called flowers
-The anther produces male gametophytes, the sperm is produced is pollen grains, which attach to the stigma on top of a carpel, in which the female gametophytes (inside ovules) are located
-After the pollen tube grows through the carpel's style, the sex cell nuclei from the pollen grain migrate into the ovule to fertilize the egg cell
-The resulting zygote develops into an embryo
-The ovary, which produced the female gametophyte(s), then grows into a fruit, which surrounds the seed(s)
-Plants may either self-pollinate or cross-pollinate

Flower

The reproductive structure of an angiosperm

Perfect Flower

has both male/female reproductive parts

Imperfect Flower

Flower that lack either stamens or pistils.

Stamen

Male part of the flower

anther

the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.

filament

Supports the anther

pollen grains

In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall.

Pistil

Female part of the flower

stigma

mark of disgrace

style

the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work