LOM Resp. Final

Resp. development occurs in what direction?

Cranial to caudal

What does the Upper resp. system contain?

Larynx & trachea

What does the Lower resp. system contain?

Bronchi & lungs

What are the stages of lung development?

* Pseudoglandular
* Canalicular
* Saccular
* Alveolar stages

What does the Mesodermal resp. system give rise to?

Supporting muscle & cartilage of resp. tract & visceral pleura of the lungs

What does the Endodermal resp. system give rise to?

Mucosal lining of the bronchial tree & the epithelial cells of the alveoli

What occurs in week 4 of Resp. system development?

* Esophagus & resp. tract
* superior end of resp. tract will become larynx & trachea
* Primary bronchial lung buds then splanchic mesoderm form from resp. diverticulum

What occurs in week 5 of Resp. system development?

Secondary bronchi form from primary & future lobes of lungs sprout

When do the Primary bronchial buds give rise to secondary bronchial buds that sprout in a set pattern reflecting the future lobes of the lungs?

Week 5

What occurs in week 6 of Resp. system development?

At the start of the Pseudoglandular period the secondary bronchi give rise to tertiary bronchial buds

What occurs during weeks 16-36 resp. development?

Canalicular stage & __terminal__ bronchioles give rise to to __resp__. bronchioles

What produces Surfactant?

Type II cells of the alveoli

What is Neonatal resp. distress syndrome or Hyaline membrane disease?

Insufficient surfactant allows alveolar collapse (atelectasis) upon exhalation making infants have incomeplete surfactant

What is the floor of Nasal cavity formed by?

Hard palate

What is the medial wall of Nasal cavity formed by?

Nasal septum

What is the lateral wall of Nasal cavity formed by?

Nasal conchae

Where is the origin of CN I?

Superior nasal concha

CN V1 provides general sensation to __where__ via __what__?

Superior aspect of the nasal cavity via the __anterior ethmoidal nerve__

Where does CN V2 provide general sensation to?

Most of the Nasal cavity via branches of the Nasopalatine & lateral nasal nerves

What does CN VII (Facial nerve) provide?

Visceral motor innervation to the nasal glands

Where does CN VII exit the cranial cavity from?

Internal acoustic meatus

What does CN VII give rise to in the __temporal bone__?

Greater petrosal nerve

Where does the Nasal cavity receive its vascular supply from?

SAGF

* Sphenopalantine
* Ant./Post. ethmoidal arteries
* Greater palatine artery
* Facial artery

What is the vascular supply to the Septum & the lateral wall?

Sphenopalantine artery

What is the vascular supply to the superior portion of the Nasal cavity?

Ant./Post. ethmoidal arteries

What is the vascular supply to the inferior nasal septum via the incisive canal?

Greater palatine artery 

What is the vascular supply to the anterior nasal septum & lateral nasal wall?

Facial artery

What makes up the External nose?

Frontal bone, nasal bone, & maxilla

What type of epithelium lines the Nasal cavity?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What is the area of the Pharynx?

Base of skull to the level of the cricoid cartilage

Where is the Pharynx located?

__Posterior__ to the nasal & oral cavities, __superior__ to the larynx, & __anterior__ to the cervical vertebrae

What is the Pharynx composed of?

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Skeletal muscle wall lined with mucous membranes

What is the 1st step of swallowing?

Bolus of food is squeezed to the back of the oral cavity by pushing the langue against the palate

What is the 2nd step of swallowing?

Nasopharynx is sealed off & the larynx is elevated, enlarging the pharynx to receive food

What is the 3rd step of swallowing?

Pharyngeal sphincters contract sequentially, squeezing food into the esophagus

What is the 4th step of swallowing?

Bolus of food moves down the esophagus by peristalsis

What is the function of the Pharynx?

Passageway for air & food, resonating chamber for speech sounds, & houses the tonsils

An abscess formed where can lead to an infection in the auditory tubes?

Nasopharynx

Where is the location of the Nasopharynx?

Posterior to the nasal cavity extending to the soft palate

The Nasopharynx communicates with nasal cavities through what?

Nasal choane

What is positioned between the Nasopharynx & oropharynx?

Soft palate

What does the posterior wall of the Nasopharynx contain?

Pharyngeal tonsil/adenoid

What lines the Nasopharynx?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What connects the Pharynx to the tympanic cavity?

Auditory/eustachian tube

Where is the location of the Oropharynx?

__Posterior__ to the oral cavity extending to the soft palate & __inferior__ to the level of the hyoid bone

What is the opening of the Oropharynx?

Fauces

What is the function of the Oropharynx?

Respiratory & digestive functions, serving as a common passageway for air, food, & drink

What is the Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx lined with?

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (o&l)

Where are the Palatine & lingual tonsils found?

Oropharynx

Where does the laryngopharynx extend from & to?

Upper border of the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

Where is the location of the Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx?

Level of the Hyoid bone

What does the Laryngopharynx open into __posteriorly__?

Esophagus

What does the Laryngopharynx open into __anteriorly__?

Larynx

What is the function of the Laryngopharynx?

Both a respiratory & a digestive pathway

What are the muscles of the external layer of the Pharynx?

* Superior pharyngeal constrictor (SC)
* Middle pharyngeal constrictor (MC)
* Inferior pharyngeal constrictor (IC)

What are the muscles of the internal layer of the Pharynx?

* Palatopharyngeus
* Salpingopharyngeus
* Stylopharyngeus

What innervates the Middle & inferior pharyngeal constrictor (MC & IC)?

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Pharyngeal branch of Vagus (CN X) & pharyngeal plexus + branches of external & recurrent laryngeal nerves of vagus (inferior)

What innervates the Superior pharyngeal constrictor (SC)?

Pharyngeal branch of Vagus (CN X) & pharyngeal plexus

What is the main action of the external layer muscles of the Pharynx?

Constrict walls of Pharynx during swallowing

What does the Larynx do during swallowing?

Elevates, which forwards the bolus

What internal muscles does the Pharyngeal branch of Vagus (CN X) & pharyngeal plexus innervate?

Palatopharyngeus & salpingopharyngeus muscles

What internal muscles does the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) innervate?

Stylopharyngeus

What is the main action of the Internal layer muscles of the Pharynx?

Elevate (shorten & widen) pharynx & larynx during swallowing & speaking

Where is the Pharyngeal plexus’s location?

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

What forms the Pharyngeal plexus?

Pharyngeal branches of the Glossopharyngeal & Vagus nerves & sympathetic branches from the Superior cervical ganglion

The Pharyngeal plexus innervates all muscles of the Pharynx except which?

Stylopharyngeus

Where does the Pharyngeal plexus’s Glossopharyngeal component supply?

Sensory fibers to the Pharyngeal mucosa

Where does the nerve supply to the Pharynx derive from?

Pharyngeal plexus of nerves

Motor fibers in the plexus are derived from the Vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal branches, supplying all the muscles of the Pharynx & soft palate except what?

Stylopharyngeus (CN IX/Glossopharyngeal) & the tensor veli palatini (CN V3)

Where else does the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor receive motor fibers from?

External & recurrent laryngeal branches of the Vagus

Sensory fibers (maxillary CN V2) in the plexus are derived from where & supply what?

CN IX & the mucosa + all 3 parts of the pharynx

What is the Ascending pharyngeal artery a branch of?

External carotid artery

What is the Ascending palatine artery & Tonsilar artery a branch of? 

Facial artery

What is the location of the Larynx?

Midline of the neck anterior to the esophagus & C4 - C6

The wall of the Larynx is composed of what?

9 pieces of cartilage

What are the 3 single cartilages?

1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Epiglottis
3. Cricoid cartilage

What are the 3 paired cartilages?

1. Arytenoid
2. Cuneiform
3. Corniculate

What influences the changes in position & tension of the vocal folds?

Arytenoid cartilage

The Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) consists of what?

2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx giving it a triangular shape

Why is the Thyroid cartilage bigger in males than females?

Sex hormones

What ligament connects the Thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?

Thyrohyoid membrane

What is the stem of the epiglottis?

__Inferior__ portion that is attached to the __anterior__ rim of the thyroid cartilage

What does the Glottis consist of?

Folds of mucous membrane, vocal folds (true vocal cords) in the larynx, & the space between them called the __rima glottidis__

The closing of the larynx with the Glottis during swallowing does what?

Folds of mucous membrane, vocal folds (true vocal cords) in the larynx, & the space between them called the __rima glottidis__

What forms the Inferior wall of the Larynx?

Cricoid cartilage (hyaline)

What attaches the Cricoid cartilage with the 1st ring of cartilage of the trachea?

Cricotracheal ligament

What connects the Thyroid ligament to the Cricoid cartilage?

Cricothyroid ligament

What is the Cricoid ligament an important landmark for?

Emergency tracheotomy

The paired Arytenoid cartilages are mostly what?

Hyaline cartilage

Where are the paired Arytenoid cartilages located?

Posterior, superior border of the Cricoid cartilages

The paired Corniculate cartilages are mostly what?

Elastic cartilage

Where are the Corniculate cartilages located?

Apex of each Arytenoid cartilage

What is the function of the Cuneiform cartilages?

Support the vocal folds & lateral aspects of the epiglottis

What is the location of the Cuneiform cartilages?

Anterior to the Corniculate cartilages

What is the lining of the Larynx __superior__ to the vocals?

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the lining of the Larynx __inferior__ to the vocals?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium consisting of ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, & basal cells

What is the role of the mucus produced by the Goblet cells?

Trap dust not removed in the upper passages

What is the role of the Cilia in the __upper__ respiratory tract?

Move mucus & trapped particles __down__ toward the Pharynx

What is the role of the Cilia in the __lower__ respiratory tract?

Move them up toward the pharynx

What are the extrinsic muscle groups of the Larynx?

* Suprahyoid muscles (MGSD)
* Infrahyoid muscles (SOST)