KINS 304 Unit 1 Chapters 1-3

Biomechanics

application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms

Kinesiology

study of human movement

Sports Medicine

clinical and scientific aspects of sports and exercise

Kinematics

\-study of the description of motion, including considerations of space and time

\-describes the size, sequencing, and timing of motion (think form and technique)

Kinetics

study of forces associated with the motion

Statics

\-branch of mechanics dealing with systems in a constant state of motion

\-includes no motion

Dynamics

branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration

Occupational Biomechanics

field that focus on the prevention of work related injuries and improvement of work conditions/worker performance

Qualitative

description of quality without numbers

Quantitative

involving the use of numbers

Formal Problems

relatively easy to solve, mathematical equation, 11 steps

Informal Problems

A problem requiring a subjective answer of which there could be many. There is no single correct answer

Inference

process of forming deductions from available information

Metric System

mm, cm, m, km, kg, N

What are the two main sources of information for the analysist diagnosing a motor skill?

Kinematics (technique) and performance outcome

What are the steps of planning a qualitative analysis?

1. identify major questions
2. determine optimal perspective(s)
3. determine the viewing distance
4. number of trails/executions/reps
5. performers attire and nature of surrounding environment
6. video observation or video camera (or other tools)

Linear Motion (translation)

motion along a line that may be straight or curved with all parts of the body moving in the same direction at the same speed

Rectilinear

along a straight line

Curvilinear

along a curved line

Angular Motion

involving rotation around a central line or point

Axis of Rotation

imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of rotation and passing through the center of rotation

General Motion

combination of translation (linear motion) and rotation (angular motion)

Anatomical Reference Position

erect standing position with all body parts, including the palms of the hands, facing forward; considered the starting position for body segment movements

Superior (cranial/cephalic)

closer to the head

Inferior (caudal)

farther away from the head

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body

Medial

toward the midline of the body

Proximal

closer to the trunk of the body

Distal

at a distance from the trunk of the body

Superficial

toward the surface of the body

Deep

away from the surface of the body

Cardinal Planes

3 imaginary perpendicular reference planes that divide the body in half by mass

Sagittal Plane

plane in which forward and backward movements of the body and body segments occur

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

plane in which lateral movements of the body and body segments occur

Transverse Plane

plane in which horizontal body and body segment movements occur when the body is in an erect standing position

Frontal Axis

imaginary line passing through the body from side to side and around which sagittal plane rotations occur

Sagittal Axis

imaginary line passing from front to back through the body and around which frontal plane rotations occur

Longitudinal Axis

imaginary line passing from top to bottom through the body and around which transverse plane rotations occur

Sagittal Plane movements

flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

Frontal Plane movements

abduction/adduction, lateral flexion, elevation/depression, inversion/eversion, radial/ulnar deviation

Transverse Plane movements

rotation, medial/lateral (internal/external) rotation, horizontal abduction/adduction, pronation/supination

Circumduction

\-rotation in circle

\-combines flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Ankle Pronation

combines eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion

Ankle Supination

combines inversion, adduction, plantarflexion

Spatial Reference Systems

\-fixed system of reference

\-used to standardize taken measurements

System

object or group of objects chosen by the analyst for study

What is the difference between statics and dynamics?

statics are a constant state of motion (even when not moving) and dynamics are a change in acceleration

Mass

quantity of matter combined in an object

Unit of mass

kg

Weight

gravitational force that the earth exerts on a body

Unit of weight

N (Newton)

Weight is a type of

force

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion

Unit of intertia

none

What is inertia directly proportional to?

mass

Force

a push or pull acting on a body

Unit of force

N (Newton)

What is force characterized by?

magnitude, direction, point of application

Net Force

resultant force derived from the composition of two or more forces

Free body diagram

sketch that shows a defined system in isolation with all of the force vectors acting on the system

Center of gravity

point around which a body's weight is equally balanced, no matter how the body is positioned

Where is our center of gravity located most of the time?

near our belly buttons

Pressure

force per unit of area over which force acts

Unit of pressure

newtons per square meter (or pascals)

Volume

the amount of 3D space occupied by a body

Unit of volume

length cubed (cm^3, m^3, in^3, ft^3, or quart)

Density

mass per unit of volume

Unit of density

kg/m³

Specific weight

weight per unit volume

Torque

rotary effect of an eccentric force

Centric force

applied to the center of an object causes translation

Eccentric force

force applied to a point other than center of object which causes translation and rotation

When you hear Torque, think of \___

rotation

Unit of torque

N-m

How to calculate torque?

T\=Fd(perpendicular)

The greater the torque, the greater the \___

greater the chances

Impulse

the product of force and the time over which the force is applied

Unit of impulse

Ns (newton seconds)

Impulse equation

Joule\= force x time

Changes in state of motion depends on \___

magnitude of force, duration of force

Compression

pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body

Tension

pulling or stretching force directed axially through a body

Compression and tension are \___ forces meaning they are directed along the longitudical axis

axial

Shear

force directed parallel or tangent to a surface

Bending

asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body's longitudinal axis and compression on the other side (non-axial force)

Torsion

load producing twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis

Combined loading

\-simultaneous action of >1 of the pure forms of loading

\-most common type of loading in the real world

Stress

distribution of force within a body

stress equation

stress \= force/area

Mechanical stress is inversely related to \___

surface area

If you decrease the surface area, the \____ impression youll have

more

Why do we care about stress/mechanical load?

injury awareness and efficiency and movement amongst careers

Deformation

-change in shape

What are the factors of an injury that occur when an external force is applied to the body?

\-magnitude, direction of force

\-area over which the force is distributed

\-properties of the loaded body tissues

Yield point

point on the load deformation curve past which deformation is permanent

Failure

loss of mechanical continuity

Acute loading

\-application of a single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to a biological tissue

\-large low, low frequency

Acute loading example

lateral blow to MCL while running

Repetitive loading

\-repeated application of a subacute load that is usually of relatively low magnitude

\-low load, high frequency