A&P Exam 1 review

What are the two ways to study anatomy?

Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.

What is gross anatomy?

The study of macroscopic structures.

Give examples of techniques used in gross anatomy.

Dissection, palpation, auscultation.

What is microscopic anatomy?

The study of structures that cannot be seen by the naked eye.

Give examples of fields within microscopic anatomy.

Cytology, histology.

What is physiology?

The study of the function of living organisms.

How is physiology subdivided?

By organ system (e.g. renal physiology, cardiovascular physiology).

What levels of thinking does physiology require?

Systemic, cellular, molecular.

What are the two types of functions in physiology?

Physical and chemical.

Give examples of physical functions.

Electrical currents, pressure, movement.

Give examples of chemical functions.

Creating or breaking of chemical bonds.

Are anatomy and physiology separate or connected?

They are inseparable.

How does structure relate to function?

Functions will always reflect structure.

What does the specific form of a structure determine?

What it can do.

What is a chemical?

Atoms and molecules

Give examples of chemicals.

Ions, carbohydrates, DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids

What is cellular?

Organelles and cells

Give examples of cellular components.

Mitochondria, nuclei, lysosomes, vesicles

Give examples of different types of cells.

Epithelial cell, skeletal muscle cell, neurons, RBCs

What is tissue?

Group of similar cells working together

Name different types of tissues.

Muscular, epithelial, nervous, ground

What is an organ?

Two or more tissue types working together

Give examples of organs.

Bone, small intestine, skeletal muscle

What is an organ system?

Organs that work closely together for a common purpose

What is organismal?

All organ systems working together

What is meant by maintaining boundaries?

Plasma membranes of cells.

What are epithelial cells of organs?

Cells that line the organs.

What is contractility?

The ability of muscles to move.

How does skeletal muscle move?

Through the environment.

What muscles are responsible for movement of internal organs?

Cardiac and smooth muscle.

What is responsiveness?

The ability to sense and respond to stimuli.

What is digestion?

The breakdown of ingested food molecules.

What happens after digestion?

Absorption of these molecules into our bodies.

What is metabolism?

All chemical reactions in the body

What are catabolism and anabolism?

Catabolism: breakdown of molecules; Anabolism: synthesis of molecules

What is excretion?

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Give examples of excretion wastes.

Urea, carbon dioxide, feces

What is reproduction?

Cellular division and production of offspring

What is growth and repair?

Increase in cell size and number

What are nutrients?

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Name the four main types of nutrients.

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Why is oxygen essential?

For energy production (terminal electron acceptor)

What is the role of water in the body?

Main driver to catabolic chemical reactions in the body (hydrolysis)

What is the significance of a narrow body temperature, pH, and osmolarity?

Cells exist in a narrow range

How do changes in body temperature affect chemical reactions?

Changes in body temperature can affect chemical reactions and vice versa

Why is appropriate atmospheric pressure important?

For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of stable internal environment despite external changes.

Define dynamic state of equilibrium.

Constantly adapting and altering internal factors.

What does homeostasis involve?

Continuous monitoring and regulation of various factors.

How is homeostasis achieved?

Through internal communication via impulses and hormones.

What are the components of a control mechanism?

Receptors, control center, effector

What is a receptor?

A structure that is receptive to some sort of stimulus

What is a control center?

Receives input from the receptor and determines the appropriate response

What is an effector?

Receives output from control center and provides the appropriate response

What is negative feedback?

A response that decreases the initial stimulus and ultimately decreases the response

What is positive feedback?

A response that increases the initial stimulus and ultimately increases the response

Disturbance of homeostasis

Disruption of the body's internal balance

Changes too great for body to adapt

When the body cannot adjust to significant alterations

Result of disturbance in homeostasis

Can lead to disease and physical harm

Feedback mechanisms spiraling out of control

When regulatory processes become unbalanced and exacerbate the disturbance

What are the organs and structures of the integumentary system?

Skin, Hair, Nails

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Barrier to the outside environment, Synthesizes vitamin D, Houses receptors to detect the external environment, Houses sweat and oil glands, Temperature homeostasis and skin nourishment

What are the organs and structures of the skeletal system?

Bones, Joints

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Supports and protects internal organs, Provides a framework for skeletal muscles, Produces blood cells (RBC, WBC, and platelets), Mineral storage (mostly calcium)

What is the organ of the muscular system?

Skeletal muscle

What are the functions of the muscular system?

Movement in environment, facial expression, maintain posture, produce heat

What are the organs of the nervous system?

Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves

What is the function of the nervous system?

Fast acting control system, Control center for many processes, Stimulates the appropriate muscles and glands (effectors)

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

Bone, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Spleen, Lymph nodes

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Supports immune system and cardiovascular system, Picks up fluid leaked from blood, Houses and develops lymphocytes, Picks up foreign debris in the body

What are the organs of the respiratory system?

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen, Removes carbon dioxide

What are the organs of the digestive system?

Oral cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum and Anus

What is the function of the digestive system?

Breaks down food into absorbable units and eliminates waste

What are the organs of the urinary system?

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra

What is the function of the urinary system?

Filters blood, Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, Regulates water, electrolyte, pH, and excess nutrients

What are the organs of the female reproductive system?

Mammary glands, Ovary, Uterine tube, Uterus, Vagina

What are the organs of the male reproductive system?

Testes, Scrotum, Penis, Ductus deferens, Prostate gland

What is the function of the reproductive system?

Produce gametes (sperm and egg), Produce offspring

What are body cavities?

Chambers that house internal organs

How can body cavities be subdivided?

Into chambers within chambers

What is serosa?

Double layer membrane that protects organs

What is parietal serosa?

Tissue membrane attached to cavity walls

What is visceral serosa?

Tissue membrane that touches the organ

What is serous fluid?

Liquid that fills the space between serosa

What is cytology?

The study of cell biology.

Why is it important to understand cell structures and functions?

To gain insight into how cells interact and function as part of a larger organism.

What are cells?

The base unit of life, capable of physical and metabolic processes necessary for survival.

What are mitosis and meiosis?

Processes by which cells reproduce.

Can cells be complex and specialized?

Yes, cells can exhibit complexity and specialization.

What can all biological processes be traced back to?

The function of individual cells.

What is metabolism?

All biochemical reactions in a living organism

What is a decomposition reaction?

Breaking of chemical bonds to separate larger molecules into smaller molecules or atoms

What is a synthesis reaction?

Creating chemical bonds to join smaller molecules and atoms into larger molecules

What is an exchange reaction?

When atom, molecule or electrons are exchanged between two chemical structures

What type of reactions require both decomposition and synthesis?

Exchange reactions

What is a redox reaction?

A type of exchange reaction involving electron transfer.

What is reduction?

Gaining an electron, reducing in charge.

What is oxidation?

Losing an electron.

What can accompany redox reactions?

Exchange of a hydrogen molecule.