Anatomy Spring Final

Nervous System

controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli; communication network

Divisions of the Nervous System

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Neurons

Transmits nerve impulse as chemical changes

Dendrites

strait branch - the structure (contains nucleous)

Axon

long process/fiber and surface terminals; conducts impulse away from body cells

Reflex arc and 5 components

1. Receptor (site of stimulus)

2. Sensory neuron (transmits impulses to the CNS)

3. Integration center (site where sensory and motor neurons synapse)

4. Motor neuron (transmits impulse to effector cell)

5. Effector (muscle or gland that responds)

Afferent nerves

Brings info from external stimuli to the CNS & brings info from organ to the CNS

Neurotransmitters

Allow for impulses to travel through a junction and acts as a synapse

Meninges

the 3 membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system

largest portion of the brain

cerebrum - largest part of the brain consists of a hemisphere separated by a longitudinal fissure

Lobes of the brain

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

Optic nerve

to send visual signals to the brain

Sclera

White & composed of fibrous connective tissue; covered by cornea

Retina

contains visual receptors; lines the posterior 2/3 of the eye

Lens

made of transparent, elastic proteins; ciliary bodies change the shape to focus light entering the eye

Iris

colored portion; consisting of smooth that changes the diameter of the pupil

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

cornea

most anterior portion; transparent layer/ permits light to enter the eye

cones

detects colors

choroid

contains blood vessels & dark blue pigment cells; color absorbs light to prevent glare

Aqueous humor

A clear, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and iris. it provides nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea

Cardiac cyle

one complete heartbeat

ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it out of the rest of the body

function of all the valves

to regulate the flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels; prevent the back flow of blood

arteries

blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body

Pulmonary artery

divided within the right and left pulmonary arteries sit within the middle mediastinum. Transport blood to the lungs

superior vena cava

carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest & located next to the right side of your sternum

Inferior vena cava

carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis

systemic circulation

provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue

pulmonary circulation

Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs

coronary circulation

the circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle

SA Node

pacemaker of the heart; generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers to contract

systole

the contraction phase

coronary artery disease

caused by plaque buildup in the wall of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

myocardial infraction

known as a heart attack; is the damage or death of heart muscle tissue caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart

Angina

A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

Hypertension

also known as high blood pressure; a common condition that affects the body's arteries

gases exchanged

O2 & CO2 occurs at two sites, lungs and body tissues

inhalation/inspiration

the process of breathing air into the lungs

exhalation/expiration

the process of breathing out air from the lungs

internal respiration

exchange of gases between blood & tissue cells

Diaphragm

where both lungs rest on the base of the diaphragm

alveoli

cup-shaped pouch + each lung consists of millions of alveoli

pharynx

the throat; divided into 3 portions: Nasopharynx (only air), oropharynx, and laryngopharynx (air and food)

Trachea

about 4-5 inches, the airway extends from the larynx to the bronchi

Larynx

passage way for air between the pharynx and trachea, must be open at all times + made of cartilage

primary bronchi

divided into right and left primary bronchi, surrounded by rings of c-cartilage, & lined with mucus and cilia

important pressures for ventilation

atmospheric pressure, alveolar pressure, and intrapleural pressure

accessory organs

organs that aid in the diagram of food but are not part of the digestive tract

mechanical digestion

the physical break up of food into smaller pieces

chemical digestion

digestive enzymes break down molecule molecules into their simplest form

rugae

inside surface of the stomach is liked with the folds

where 80% of nutrients are absorbed

the small intestine

where 80% of water is absorbed

large intestine/colon

Esophagus

10 inch muscular tube; tube that connects the oral cavity to the stomach

Epiglottis

a flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering

stomach

a pouch/sac; an enlarged segment of the digestive tact in the left superior part of the abdomen

colon

large intestine; responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from undigested food material and forming feces

Appendix

vestigial organ, no known function + may play role in the immune system

rectum

about 6 inches + located between sigmoid colon and anus + stores feces

peristalsis

smooth muscle contracts + repeated wavelike motions push the food to the stomach

deglutition

beginning of swallowing

Mastication

chewing to break down food

defacation

the process of eliminating of feces from the rectum through the anus

urinary system anatomy

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

kidney

the formation of urine through the filtration of blood

nephron

structural and functional unit of the kidney + filters blood in 3 processes to form urine

ureter

muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

urethra

females -\> 1.5" long & located anterior to vagina. Males -\> 7-8" long & passes through prostate gland then the urogenital diaphragm; enters penis + functions in both urination

Micturition

expelling of urine from the bladder + response to involuntary & voluntary impulses

glomercular filtration

occurs in the renal corpuscles

tubular reabsorption

occurs in the renal tubules

tubular secretion

occurs in the renal tubules

amount of blood through each kidney

1.2 to 1.3 liters of blood per minute

color of urine cause

yellow due to the breakdown of bile + a straw or amber + the more concentrated the deeper the amber + clear in appearance

urinary output influencers

fluid intake, medical conditions, physical activity

Erythropoietin (EPO)

a hormone produced by the kidney's that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

Dialysis

manual filtration of blood by machine

Path of urine through kidney

nephrons, collecting ducts, renal papilla, papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder

Function of the reproductive system

production of sex cells and hormones

scrotum

external sac that contains the testes, temperature regulation

testes

produces sperm and testosterone + primary sex organ for males

semiferous tubules

narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes

Interstitial cells

produce testosterone

testosterone functions

stimulates development of male sex characteristics; stimulates male sex drive and regulates sperm production

epididymis

a long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature

vas deferens

tube that carries sperm from the epididymus to the urethra

vasectomy

when a small incision in scrotum is made & the vas deferens are cut/cauterized

seminal vesicle

posterior to the urinary bladder; secretions contain fructose for an energy source for sperm

prostate gland

muscular gland below the urinary bladder; contracts during ejaculation to contribute to the expulsion of the semen + surrounds the first inch of the urethra

Cowper's gland

also known as Bulbourethral Gland; located below the prostate + these glands secrete muscus to lubricate the urethra and tip of the penis on the male, alkaline in nature

glans penis

distal end of the penis + covered in the prepauce or foreskin

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin

erectile tissue

3 masses within the penis, contains smooth muscle, connective tissues and blood sinus & during stimulation arteries dilate and large quantities of blood fill sinus

semen

consists of sperm & secretions from glands + average pH of 7.4

rectal exam recommendation

for men over 40