Lang Disorders Exam 2

what is a language-based learning disability?

- a disorder that manifests itself in different ways at various points in development as communicative contexts and learning tasks change
- are manifested as learning or spelling difficulties or both

children who are diagnosed as having a language-based learning disability who display very subtle deficits are known as...

"ABNQ" children

what does "ABNQ" stand for?

almost but not quite

in kindergarten to second grade, children develop the basic skills needed for \__________ and \__________

reading; writing

T or F: children in kindergarten to second grade begin to learn about spelling and basic math operations

true

children in third and fourth grades experience a leap from \__________ to reading for comprehension

decoding

children in third and fourth grade are introduced to content areas such as English, social studies, and \__________

science

by fifth and sixth grade, decoding skills should be fully \__________ so that a child can focus his/her attention on comprehension

automatic

children in seventh to ninth grade develop \__________ skills including abstract reasoning, analysis, synthesis, and judgment

cognitive

T or F: children in seventh to ninth grades should be able to read popular magazines, the newspaper, and popular fiction

true

what does functionally illiterate mean?

reading and writing skills are inadequate to manage daily living and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level

\_____% of suicide victims between the ages of 10-14 years are diagnosed as being hyperactive, perceptually impaired, or dyslexic

50

the statistics suggest that learning disabilities are accompanied by \_____ self-esteem

low

screening is the \________ line of identification

first

screenings are typically done in \________ grade, \________ grade, and the last year of elementary school

first; third

what should you do if a screening is failed?

give more complete test batteries to identify the presence or absence of a language delay or disorder

T or F: poverty in and of itself results in poor reading and academic performance

false

\_____% of parents with a high SES
read to their children daily

62

\_____% of parents with low SES read to their children daily

36

common consequences of poverty include

- dropping out of school
- low academic achievement
- teenage pregnancy and parenthood
- poor mental and physical health
- delinquent behavior
- unemployment in adolescence and early adulthood

children of high SES show \______ activity in the prefrontal cortex than do kids of low SES

more

children with dyslexia have \________ word recognition and \________ listening comprehension

poor; good

children with LLD have \________ word recognition and \________ listening comprehension

poor; poor

children with specific comprehension deficits have \________ word recognition and \________ listening comprehension

good; poor

what is hyperlexia?

recognizing and reading words exceeding one's cognitive and language levels, yet having no comprehension of what is said or read

children with dyslexia have problems with reading comprehension because of poor \__________ \__________

decoding skills

children with hyperlexia have problems with reading comprehension because of \__________ and \__________ deficits

language; cognitive

children with LLDs have problems with reading comprehension because of poor \__________ and \__________ comprehension

decoding; listening

what is dyslexia?

- a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin
- it is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities
- typically result from an deficit in the phonological component

most literature supports belief that the brain \________________ observed in people with dyslexia are an atypicality of development

abnormalities

dyslexic readers have a disruption in the \______ hemisphere posterior neural systems for reading but compensate by developing anterior systems in the left and right hemispheres and the posterior homolog of the visual word form area in the \_____ hemisphere

left; right

children with language-based learning disabilities frequently have trouble with \__________ aspects of speech and language

phonological

T or F: children with language-based learning disabilities have difficulty processing the grapheme-phoneme association

true

what are segmentation tasks?

the breaking down of sentences into words, words into syllables, and syllables into phonemes

what does phonological deficit hypothesis state?

individuals compensate for their phonological weakness by relying heavily on visual memorization of orthographic patterns

what does the semantic-feature hypothesis state?

- children establish meaning by combining features (characteristics) that are present & observable in the environment
- as children continue to experience reality, their ideas and concepts about objects and events change

children with LD often have difficult in organizing \________ \________, particularly when multiple meanings exist for the same word

word meanings

what is circumlocation?

an ambiguous or roundabout figure of speech

children with LD frequently use \______ information words such as pronouns and indefinite adverbs

low

children with LLD typically have a constant, \______ rate of learning syntax

slow

pragmatic deficits of children with LLD include...

- the tendency to be passive in groups and to ask few questions
- asking simple questions and requiring uncomplicated answers
- topical discontinuity
- overuse of meaningless starters

children with LLD face problems with \__________ language

survival

what is survival language?

knowing the lingo associated with peer language & knowing how to be a part of a peer group through appropriate actions & communication styles

why is later elementary math a struggle for children with LLD?

- several step calculations
- increase in domain-specific mathematical vocabulary
- problems with conceptual knowledge, memory retrieval, and procedural knowledge

what is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

- damage to the brain due to an external force, not due to degenerative or congenital problems
- traumatically induced physiological disruption of brain function

what is a closed-head injury?

- a non-penetrating brain injury in which the skull may be intact or fractured, but the meninges are intact
- minor head injury without brain injury
- typically result in diffuse (widespread) pathological changes
- more frequent in civilian life than are penetrating head injuries

what is an open-head injury?

- penetrating head injury
- results in a fracturing of the skull with the meninges becoming torn or lacerated

what is a coup injury?

- injury at the point of impact
- when a blow causes the brain to move and slam against the point of impact

what is a countrecoup injury?

- a brain injury opposite from the impact
- as the brain bounces from the point of impact to the opposite side of the skull

acceleration-deceleration injuries are \________ serious that non acceleration injuries

more

what is an acceleration-deceleration injury?

- a head is set into motion by physical forces
- ex: an automobile accident

what is a non acceleration injury?

- a stationary head is hit by a moving object
- ex: collapsing car crushing the head of a mechanic working under it

what are the three categories of symptoms for TBI?

1. physical symptoms
2. cognitive deficits
3. behavioral changes

physical symptoms of TBI include...

- dizziness
- headaches
- blurred vision
- insomnia
- unexplained lethargy
- quickness to fatigue
- other sensory losses

cognitive deficits of TBI include...

- difficulty with executive functions
- poor attention skills
- difficulty concentrating
- memory deficits
- difficulty thinking
- problem-solving deficits
- perceptual deficits
- problems with speech and/or language

what are executive functions?

- a set of cognitive abilities that control and regulate other abilities and behaviors to achieve chosen goals
- ex: goal setting, self-awareness, initiating tasks, etc.

behavioral changes of TBI include...

- disinhibition
- irritability
- depression
- anxiety
- mood swings
- impulsivity
- apathy
- agitation
- aggression

primary damage from TBI includes...

- closed head injury
- open (penetrating) head injury

secondary damage after TBI includes...

- hemorrhage
- cerebral edema
- intracranial pressure
- hypoxic-ischemic damage
- seizures

what is an extracerebral hemorrhage?

bleeding into the meninges

what is an intracerebral hemorrhage?

bleeding into brain tissue

what is cerebral edema?

the accumulation of fluid between the brain and skull

what is intracranial pressure?

- an increase of pressure within the skull due to accumulations of blood and/or water
- brain tissue is compressed and displaced

what is hypoxic-ischemic damage?

reduced oxygenation and blood supply to the brain

at the \_____ minute mark, brain cells begin dying

one

at \_____ minutes, neurons suffer more extensive damage, and lasting brain damage becomes more likely

three

at \_____ minutes, death becomes imminent

five

at \_____ minutes, even if the brain remains alive, a coma and lasting brain damage are almost inevitable

ten

at \_____ minutes, survival becomes nearly impossible

fifteen

immediate effects of a TBI include...

- coma
- concussion and post-traumatic amnesia
- retrograde amnesia
- abnormal behaviors
- motor dysfunctions

what is retrograde amnesia?

difficulty remembering events leading up to the trauma

what is present during the acute recovery period?

- speech production deficits
- speech comprehension problems
- word retrieval problems

what are possible long-term (residual) effects of TBI?

- reduction in spontaneous speech
- persistent word retrieval problems
- reduced fluency
- pragmatic problems (especially turn-taking in conversation, and topic maintenance)
- subtle comprehension problems
- poor academic performance
- memory problems
- hyperactivity and impulsivity
- inability to recognize his/her own deficits

what are the three types of personality change (NIH)?

1. apathy (reduced interest in usual activities)
2. overly optimistic
3. loss of social restraint and judgment

attention and perception problems result in...

- unilateral or hemispatial neglect
- problems with arousal and orientation
- less ability to shift/sustain attention during conversation

recovery in \__________ is more complete than in \__________ regardless of the severity of the TBI

children; adults

what is a multidisciplinary team approach for TBI?

- professionals from medicine, nursing, social work, psychology, PT, OT, psychiatry, audiology, and SLPs work together to test cognitive and attention abilities

how are language abilities tested?

- comprehension of single words and sentences
- auditory discrimination skills
- expressive language abilities

mood and behavioral change...

- is assessed in a variety of contexts
- evaluates how they interact with each other
- examines executive functioning

T or F: many individuals with TBI have difficulty with executive functioning

true

TBI patients may fatigue easily, so testing should be done in several \__________ sessions rather than one long session

short

treatment for TBI includes...

- brief initial therapy session
- determining readiness to return to school/work
- functional goals and compensatory strategies

during the acute phase of treatment, the clinician should...

- focus on sensory stimulation
- work closely with the family to encourage responses from the child
- evaluate self-care, swallowing, and feeding

as the child progresses, the clinician should...

- implement and update speech and language goals
- prepare the child to return to his/her home and school
- focus on social skills

T or F: TBI helps point out the need to have both medical and school-based education

true

what are the leading causes of TBI?

- motor vehicle accidents
- getting struck by or against objects
- assaults

in the ages of 65 and older, \_________ are the \#1 cause of TBI

falls

twice as many \__________ than \__________ experience TBI

males; females

what is shaken baby syndrome/shaken impact syndrome?

a severe form of child abuse caused by violently shaking an infant or child

what are the left hemisphere anterior mechanisms?

- Broca's area
- motor cortex

what are the left hemisphere posterior mechanisms?

- Wernicke's area
- angular gyrus

define superior

above

define inferior

below

define anterior

in front of

define posterior

behind

define rostral

toward the forehead

define caudal

toward the spine

define dorsal

back or top side

define ventral

belly or bottom side

stroke is the \________ leading cause of death

third