Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
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Compound
substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
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Nucleus
Center of an atom
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Catalyst
(n.) a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction; any agent that causes change
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Condensation Reaction
A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule
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Atomic Number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
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R Group
differentiates amino acids from each other
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Polymerization
a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound
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Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
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Mass Number
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
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Buffer
compounds floating in your cells that help balance pH levels
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Polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
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monomer
a molecule that can bond with other identical molecules to form a polymer. This process is known as "polymerization."
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polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
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Substrate
the material on which the enzyme operates
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how can carbon form long chains?
by bonding to other carbon atoms using single
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how are macromolecules formed?
through polymerization. Cells can make a variety of macromolecules from a relatively small set of monomers
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macromolecules
large compounds formed through polymerization. Cells can make a variety of macromolecules from a relatively small set of monomers
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4 main macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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sugars and starches are
carbohydrates
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what are carbohydrates made up of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen
2:1
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most carbohydrates end in...
-ose
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monomer of a carbohydrate
monosaccharide
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what does a monosaccharide contain? (and its literal definition)
monosaccharide's contain just a single carbohydrate. its literal definition is "one sugar"
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what does a disaccharide contain? (and its literal definition)
disaccharides contain two carbohydrates. its literal definition is "two sugars"
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what does a polysaccharide contain? (and its literal definition)
a polysaccharide contains many carbohydrates. Its literal definition is "many sugars"
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what is the most common carbohydrate?
glucose
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glucose
a type of carbohydrate. it is a monosaccharide and is known as a "simple sugar"
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what is another name for glucose?
dextrose
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Why is glucose important to plants & animals?
Glucose is the main source of energy for animals and plants and is useful for structure. plants produce glucose during photosynthesis.
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what is the shape of a glucose molecule?
hexagon
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molecular formula for glucose
C6H12O6
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draw a glucose molecule
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what is fructose
fructose is a type of carbohydrate. it is a monosaccharide (just like glucose)
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what is the shape of a fructose molecule?
pentagon
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foods containing fructose
Corn syrup
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molecular formula for fructose
C6H12O6 (just like glucose)
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maltose
maltose is a type of carbohydrate that is a disaccharide. it is composed of two glucose molecules.
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What process joins 2 monosaccharides together to make a disaccharide?
dehydration synthesis (bonds molecules together by removing water)
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what is another name for dehydration synthesis?
condensation
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draw a maltose diagram
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molecular formula for maltose
C12H22O11
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what is the molecular formula for just 2 glucose molecules? how is this different from the molecular formula of maltose?
The molecular formula for just 2 glucose molecules is C12H24O12. it is different from the molecular formula of maltose because it is missing 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen as a result of dehydration synthesis.
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sucrose
a carbohydrate that is a disaccharide.
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What 2 molecules make up sucrose?
glucose and fructose
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draw a diagram of a sucrose molecule
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What type of food contains sucrose?
sugar
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Why does sucrose cause tooth decay?
the bacteria in the mouth converts sucrose into acids. These acids then eat away at the teeth.
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lactose
a carbohydrate that is a disaccharide. it is found in milk
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what 2 molecules make up lactose
glucose and galactose
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how does your body break down lactose?
Your body is able to break down lactose using the enzyme lactase.
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enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions
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What is hydrolysis?
the addition of water to a molecule to break it down.
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What type of carbohydrate is a starch molecule?
A starch molecule is a polysaccharide (it is a complex carbohydrate)
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How many glucose molecules make up a starch molecule?
A starch molecule is made up of anywhere between 50 to thousands of glucose molecules.
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How do plants use starch?
Starch is used in plants to store excess glucose molecules created during photosynthesis.
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draw a diagram of a starch molecule
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cellulose
a carbohydrate that is a polysaccharide.
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what is cellulose also known as?
fiber
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Where is cellulose found?
can be found in the cell wall's of plants and is a source of fiber for humans
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draw a diagram of a cellulose molecule
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chitin
a carbohydrate that is a polysaccharide.
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Where is chitin found?
in the exoskeletons of insects. It is also found in the cell walls of fungi.
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glycogen
Glycogen is a polysaccharide and is the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules.
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How do animals use glycogen
Animals use glycogen in their cells in order to store extra glucose molecules in the liver.
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lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds are made of carbon
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Name 3 examples of lipids.
fats
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are lipids polar or nonpolar?
Lipids are nonpolar
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4 types of lipids
saturated
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What is the monomer of lipids?
fatty acids and glycerol
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major roles of lipids (SFUC)
store energy, form biological membranes, used as chemical messangers)
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What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?
A saturated fat is a lipid that contains as many Hydrogen molecules as possible and many single bonds. Meanwhile
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What is an example of a saturated fat?
butter
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What state of matter is a saturated fat at room temperature?
Saturated fat is a solid at room temperature.
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Why are saturated fats unhealthy for humans?
Saturated fats are unhealthy because they can solidify in your arteries. If this occurs
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Give an example of an unsaturated fat.
Vegetable oil is an example of an unsaturated fat.
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What state of matter is an unsaturated fat at room temperature?
Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
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How is an unsaturated fat converted into a saturated fat?
An unsaturated fat is converted into a saturated fat by the process of hydrogenation (trans fats)
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hydrogenation
the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids to make fat more solid and resistant to the chemical change of oxidation
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Monounsaturated
one double bond
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Polyunsaturated
two or more double bonds
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waxes
a type of lipid containing 2 fatty acids
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How do animals use waxes?
Humans produce earwax for waterproofing and protection.
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How do plants use waxes?
Plants produce wax in order to waterproof the tops of their leaves and fruits.
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How is a wax different from a fat?
Fats contain 3 fatty acids while waxes contain only 2 fatty acids.
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inorganic vs organic compounds
organic compounds always have a carbon atom
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examples of organic compounds
carbohydrates
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examples of inorganic compounds
water
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What are the 4 most common elements in living things?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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Which type(s) of organic compounds provide energy?
carbohydrates and lipids
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proteins
the most common organic compound in living cells. they are organic compounds that contain nitrogen in addition to carbon
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what are the most diverse
large biological molecules?
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4 major roles of proteins (CPMGM)
1. carry out chemical reactions 2. they pump small molecules in and out of cells 3. they are responsible for cell movement 4. they are essential for cell growth and maintenance
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amino acids
monomers of proteins. proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Proteins are long chains of amino acids.
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amino acids have an amino group _____ at one end and a carboxyl group ______ at the other.