U.S. History Final Exam

A political conflict between the Soviet Union and the Western powers over the issue of the occupation of Berlin. It began in 1948 when the Soviet Union blocked all road, rail, and water access to the Allied-controlled areas of Berlin, which had been divided into four zones after World War II. The crisis ended in 1949 when the Soviet Union lifted the blockade.

What happened during the Berlin Conflict?

NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 North American and European countries. Its purpose is to provide collective defense against external threats and to promote stability and security in the North Atlantic region.

What is NATO?

one/all

NATO had a mutual defense treaty that states attack \____ , attack __.

The Warsaw Pact

After the U.S. and its Western European allies formed NATO in 1949, the Soviet Union responded by organizing THIS MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATY with the Eastern European communist nations in 1955

1949

When did China fall to communism?

Mao Zedong

The communist leader who turned China communist

Chiang Kai-shek

A democratic leader who was pushed out of China to a tiny island (Formosa/Taiwan)

During the Soviet nuclear test in 1949

When did the arms race begin?

The document that tripled our national defense budget.

What was NSC-68?

The United Nations

What was the reinvented League of Nations called?

Prevent any future wars

What was the United Nations designed to do?

The “policemen of the world”

When the United States were no longer isolationists, what did they become?

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

This organization was formed in 1947 to gather intelligence information around the world, but it is also known for its "covert operations" to contain communism

US foreign policy in Cold War era, aimed at containing Soviet expansionism by providing military and economic assistance to countries threatened by communism.

What was the Truman Doctrine?

Turkey and Greece

Give two examples discussed in class of countries where the Truman Doctrine was used to successfully prevent nations from falling to communism in the late 1940's

Iran and Guatemala

Give two examples of countries where the CIA successfully used "covert operations" to overthrow a foreign government in an attempt to contain communism in 1953

The Communist Bloc and the Western Democracies

After the war, a “New World Order” was being established and the clear distrust between the U.S. and the USSR divided the world into two sides. What were the two sides?

Eastern Europe

The USSR occupied much of what country and set up communist governments there?

Franklin Roosevelt-United States Winston Churchill-Britain Joseph Stalin-USSR

Who were the “Big Three” and what countries did they represent?

1945-1989

The Cold War lasted between what years?

1950-1953

The Korean War lasted between what years?

Communist/Soviet Union

At the 38th parallel, the Japanese territory of Korea was divided into two parts after World War 2. The North was \_______________ and allied by the \________________.

United States

At the 38th parallel, the Japanese territory of Korea was divided into two parts after World War 2. The South was supported by the \___________________.

The Communist Invasion

This event happened June of 1950 by the North Korean communists led by Kim Il Sung when they crossed the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea.

Original goal of the United Nations

Drive the North Koreans out and back to the 38th parallel

President Truman

When China fell to communism, who was it a big failure for?

-Political and economic warfare -Not using weapons -Democracy vs. dictatorship -Communism vs. capitalism

What is a Cold War?

The “Forgotten War”

What was the Korean War also known as?

Insubordination

Why did Truman fire Douglas MacArthur?

Matt Ridgway

Who replaced Douglas MacArthur?

A truce

How does the Korean War end in 1953?

A peace treaty

What was never signed in 1953, leaving soldiers still on the 38th parallel?

Truman wanted containment MacArthur wanted total victory

Truman vs. General MacArthur What did they want?

-Original goal to push the North Koreans out and back to the 38th parallel -U.N. troops faced problems in North Korea -Surprise attack at Inchon -Revised United Nations objective -China enters the war

Cause and effect

We threatened to use nuclear weapons if we are attacked

What was the “Massive Retaliation” policy proposed by President Eisenhower?

1961

When was the Berlin Wall built?

Ho Chi Minh

What was the name of the communist who defeated the French and gained control of North Vietnam?

Fidel Castro

Who became the communist leader of Cuba in 1959?

Nikita Khrushchev

Who became the new Soviet leader when Joseph Stalin died in 1953?

Eisenhower and Khrushchev met to ease tensions between the 2 superpowers

What happened at Geneva Summit in 1955?

Eisenhower and Khrushchev met again, and relations improved

What happened at Camp David in 1959?

The U-2 incident was a major international crisis that occurred in 1960 when the Soviet Union shot down an American U-2 spy plane flying over Soviet territory. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and led to the cancellation of a planned summit meeting between the United States and the Soviet Union.

What was the U-2 incident in 1960?

Joseph McCarthy

Who was Senator that spread false rumors about people being communists?

McCarthyism

Technique of making sweeping accusations without having any evidence…he was a fraud, but nobody knew.

“Red Scare”

Joseph McCarthy set off a second what?

Loyalty Review Board

Created by President Truman, it is used to guarantee the loyalty of all Federal employees

H.U.A.C.

Looked for communist activity. Led investigations, which made Congress more focused on that rather than legislation.

-Blacklisted them by putting them on a list of supposed “communists” -Attacked the film industry because they had major influence on people

How did H.U.A.C ruin the reputations of people?

closest 2 superpowers ever came to a nuclear war.

The Cuban Missile Crisis was the \______________________________

With two telegrams

How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved?

3.5 million East Berliners moved west due to a lack of economic opportunity and freedom.

Why was Khrushchev angered?

The Berlin Wall

This was a symbol of the failure of communism

The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed attempt by the United States to overthrow the government of Cuba in 1961. A group of Cuban exiles, trained and financed by the CIA, landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro's government. However, the invasion was poorly planned and executed, and the Cuban military was able to quickly defeat the exiles.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

A series of debates on national television.

What was a major factor in helping to decide an extremely close election?

Alan Shepard

The first American to make a space flight

Alliance for Progress

Kennedy’s program of economic aid to help contain communism in Latin America

Peace Corps

Kennedy’s volunteer organization to give non-military foreign aid to people in needy countries which JFK hoped would help to contain communism and improve our world image

John Glenn

He was the first American to orbit the earth in 1962

Naval quarantine

Kennedy chose this option rather than airstrikes to bring an end to the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962

The U-2 incident

What followed the meeting at Camp David between Eisenhower and Khrushchev?

The Apollo Project

This cost an estimated $24 billion in the 1960’s

Neil Armstrong

He was the first man to step foot on the moon

Central Intelligence Agency

The disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion was planned during the Eisenhower years by this organization

Fidel Castro

He was the Soviet-backed communist leader who took control of Cuba in 1959

Teddy Roosevelt

John F. Kennedy was the youngest man ELECTED president, but this man holds the title of youngest president in history

Buzz Aldrin/Michael Collins

Other than the first man to walk on the moon, name another member of the Apollo 11 crew

Nikita Khrushchev

He was the Soviet leader who went head-to-head with JFK during the Cuban Missile Crisis

The Berlin Wall

This was a symbol of the “Cold War” and the failure of communism from 1961-1989

Richard Nixon

He was the Republican candidate that JFK defeated in the election of 1960

Lyndon Johnson

He was chosen as JFK’s running mate in 1960 to get the Southern Democrats’ support

John F. Kennedy

Who was the first Catholic President?

He felt that the U.S. needed to spend more money on the military

Why did the arms race intensify during JFK’s presidency?

Sputnik

In 1957, the Soviets launched the first satellite called \_____?

Project Mercury

After the Russians launched Sputnik, NASA began what project?

To put a human in space

What was Project Mercury’s goal?

-Graduates of military test-pilot schools -People that had logged at least 1,500 test-flight hours -They had to pass several physical and mental tests -Under 40 years old -Under 180 pounds -Under 6 feet tall -Young, bright, well-educated in engineering and trained in the military

What was NASA looking for in astronauts?

April of 1959

What year did NASA introduce the seven men who were chosen to the nation?

The U.S. and the Soviets

Which two superpowers were in a “space race”?

Yurie Gagarin

Who was the first man to make a space flight with the Soviets in 1961?

John Glenn

Who was the oldest man in space when he made a return at age 77?

Ed White

Who was the first American to make a “space walk” (float in space)?

They aimed for a moon landing

What did the Apollo Project aim to do?

During a simulation on the launch pad, a fire broke out in the cockpit killing all three astronauts in less than 8.5 seconds.

What happened during the Apollo 1 mission?

Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee

Who was killed in the Apollo 1 tragedy?

Jim Lovell

Who led the Apollo 8 mission that was the first flight to orbit the moon?

The Lunar Module that would actually go to the moon

What happened two missions after the Apollo 8 mission?

The U.S.

Who won the “space race”?

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Name the brilliant physicist in charge of the Manhattan Project

The Yalta Conference

The decisions made at this meeting of the “Big Three” in 1945 helped pave the way for the Cold War

Dwight Eisenhower

He ran for President in 1952 and promised a ceasefire in Korea

Joseph Stalin

This man was the dictator of the Soviet Union during World War 2, and he dreamed of expanding communism throughout Europe and Asia

The Yalu River

The Chinese entered the Korean War on the side of the communists when the U.N. forces approached this river on the border of China

Marshall Plan

This was designed to contain communism by using American aid to rebuild the devastated economies of Europe in 1947

Poland

Joseph Stalin wanted control of this country as a “buffer state” between the USSR and Germany after World War 2

Joseph McCarthy

This Republican senator fueled "Red Scare" fears and paranoia in 1950, when he claimed that the State Department in the U.S. was full of communists

Berlin

When the Soviets blockaded THIS CITY in 1948, President Harry Truman responded with a massive airlift of supplies for 321 days

The “Domino Effect”

What do you call the fear that if one country fell to communism, then the other neighboring countries would fall as well?

China

Truman was criticized by some people (mainly Republicans) for "losing" THIS COUNTRY to communism in 1949 because he was too focused on containing communism in Europe

38th parallel

President Truman and the U.N. forces tried to push the communist North Koreans back to THIS LINE during the Korean War

Douglas MacArthur

Harry Truman fired THIS GENERAL for insubordination in April of 1951 because he would not cooperate with Truman's directive to fight a "limited war" in Korea