BCS 114 Exam 4

The prefrontal cortex includes all of the frontal lobe...

except the areas devoted to motor control

The prefrontal cortex necessary for all 3

1)granular frontal cortex

2)Nonmotor areas

3)Projection zone of the DM nucleus of the thalamus ( gating of information to and from the prefrontal cortex, feedback contributes to selective attention

The PFC is innervated by the...

dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus

The PFC is enlarged in...

humans and primates compared to other species

DLPFC

1)mini-you;

2)thinking and forms plans of action

3) Fluid Intelligence

4) Recieves inpute from the posterior parietal cortes and outputs from the second motor cortex

5) Short term memory within inputs from medial temporal loab

PPC Posterior parietal cortex

which is an attention controller and gains input from dorsal streams

gets info from ventral stream; "what is this thing"

VLPFAC

extroversion

medial orbitofrontal cortex

conscientiousness

middle frontal gyrus

agreeableness

posterior cingulate cortex

neuroticism

dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

makes decisions, doer, morality

VMPFC

thinker; intuitive reactions to situations containing implicit moral issues; empathy center

Temporoparietal Junction

neurons that fire when observing another person doing a certain action; plays a role in morality and empathy

mirror neurons

preservative behavior, field-dependent behavior, mental rigidity, flat emotion,

an emotionless voice and facial expression.

dorsolateral syndrome

an inability to initiate behaviors, or be unable to stop once initiated

preservative behavior

easily distracted, will engage in activities because objects are present in the environment, even though actions make no sense

field-dependent behavior

inability to change their mental state or approach to a problem (Wisconsin card sorting)

mental ridigity

a number of stimulus cards are presented to the participant, told to match cards, but not how to match them, told whether a particular match is right or wrong (test of the DLPFC)

Wisconsin Card sorting test

subjects are asked to name the ink color that color words are printed in when the ink color and word meaning are the same (test of the dACC)

Stroop task

the patients are behaviorally and emotionally disinhibited. Their affect is rarely neutral, constantly oscillating between euphoria and rage, with impulse control ranging from poor to non-existent

Orbitofrontal Syndrome

adult center

orbitofrontal cortex

necessary for the survival of the species; sleep, third, food, temperature, sexual reproduction

primary reward

objects that derive their value from primary rewards; money

secondary reward

ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons project to cortical and limbic sites, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc); major "reward" pathway - anticipatory pleasure

mesocorticolimbic pathway

VTA excitatory inputs

Glutamate and dopamine

PFC and LHA

VTA inhibitory inputs

GABA VTA interneurons and NAc

When the NAc inhibits the VP then the DM (thalamus)...

votes yes

Ingestion

easy, but unpredictable

injection

fast and predictable

inhalation

fast, but hard to regulate

absorption

easy, but causes damage

functional tolerance

reduced sensitivity, fewer receptors or less responsive

metabolic tolerance

less drug is getting to the site of action

tobacco molecule

sodium

tobacco effect

acts in VTA, binds to acetylcholine receptors and increases inflow

alcohol molecule

potassium and sodium

alcohol effect

acts in VTA axons, closes K+ channels prematurely and decreases outflow

marijuana molecule

calcium

marijuana effect

acts in GABA neurons, binds to CB1 receptors and decreases inflow

amphetamine molecule

dopamine

amphetamine effect

acts in NAc, reprograms reuptake transporters and decreases flow of dopamine

cocaine molecule

dopamine,serotonin,norepinephine

cocaine effect

acts in NAc, triple reuptake inhibitor and decreases inflow

opiate molecule

potassium

opiate effect

acts in VTA, binds to opiate receptors and increases outflow

psychophysical emotional expression

somatic response: People with somatic feedback feel emotions

biological emotional reaction

autonomic response: individuals lacking this report decreased emotional intensity

how many emotion pairs are opposites?

two

common-sense view

stimulus triggers emotion which triggers physiological response

james-lange view

stimulus triggers autonomic and somatic response which triggers emotion; physiological reaction is thus necessary to feel an emotion

cannon-bard view

stimulus triggers both autonomic & somatic responses and emotion; physiological responses and emotion are independent

modern biopsychology view

all factors influence one another

controls autonomic response (fight or flight)

hypothalamus

controls feeling of emotions internally

cingulate gyrus

Detects emotional significance of an experience (memory)

Important for fear and aggression

amygdala

directs attention to task at hand

posterior parietal cortex (PPC)

Monitors performance and signals when adjustments in control are needed

dACC

Connected to amygdala and hypothalamus; involved in assessing the salience of emotion (emotional monitor)

vACC

predatory aggression

attacks against a member of another species for the purpose of obtaining food

affective aggression

for show rather than to kill for food (establishing dominance)

inhibits/directors aggression response

Medial Prefrontal Cortex

elicits aggression

LHA

produces serotonin

raphe nucleus

Alarm

increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (and the adrenal medulla) readying the body for brief emergency activity (fight or flight)

Resistance

activation of the anterior pituitary-adrenal cortex system to release glucocorticoids that enable the body to maintain prolonged alertness, fight infections and heal wounds

exhaustion

nervous and immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their heightened activity

anterior pituitary is activated by...

medial p-cells

sympathetic nervous system is activated by...

dorsal and ventral p-cells

glucocorticoid

steroid hormone that makes cells more excitable

Schizophrenia NT imbalance

too high dopamine and serotonin and too little glutamate

Schizophrenia source

VTA

ADHD NT imbalance

too little dopamine and norepinephrine

ADHA source

VTA

Affective disorder NT imbalance

too little serotonin and norepinephrine

Affective disorder source

locus coeruleus

anxiety disorder NT imbalance

too little GABA and serotonin

anxiety source

raphe nuclei

tourette's NT imbalance

excess dopamine

tourette's source

locus coeruleus

Malignant tumors

cancerous; infiltrate brain tissue and destroy/damage cells

benign tumors

noncancerous; encapsulated and growing within the membrane, cause damage by putting pressure on the tissue

infarct

area of dead tissue

penumbra

Surrounding dysfunctional tissue (limited blood supply )

cerebral hemorrhage

bleeding in the brain, typically caused by an aneurysm burst

cerebral ischemia

disruption of blood supply

thrombosis

blood clot

embolism

clot carried by blood from a large vessel to a small vessel

arteriosclerosis

walls of blood vessel thicken and narrow the channel

glutamate storm

after a neuron dies it releases an excess of glutamate to its target neuron which in turn produces a massive influx of calcium which overactivates and kills the cell, the target cell in turn releases excess glutamate to its target and the cycle continues

contusions

injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system

concussion

blow to the head resulting in no contusions, but a disturbance of consciousness

neurons die because

they become hypertonic

bacterial infections

lead to abscesses, can inflame the meninges (encephalitis)

viral infections

some preferentially attack neural tissues, other have no special affinity for it

toxic psychosis

chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin

inherited predispositions are usually associated with ______ genes

recessive

anterograde degeneration

the distal portion (towards axon) of a damaged neuron degenerates

retrograde degeneration

the proximal portion (towards soma) of a damaged neuron degenerates