A&P Unit 1 Test

Anatomy

Greek for 'to cut up"

It is how the body is organized

Gross anatomy

features of the organism that can be seen with the naked eye

Surface anatomy

study of general form and surface markings

Regional anatomy

all of the superficial & internal features of a specific region of the body

Systemic anatomy

the structures of the major organ systems

Microscopic Anatomy

study of structures that cannot be seen without the aid of magnification

Cytology

study of internal structures of cells

Histology

examines different types of tissues

Development anatomy

describes changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity through death, look at normal development

Pathological anatomy

a study of how disease affects structures; could be at the macroscopic or microscopic level

Radiological anatomy

a study of macroscopic structures using various imaging techniques

Physiology

study of how living organisms perform their vital functions; it is the study of interactions

Pathophysiology

study of how disease affects the functioning of cells, organs, and organ system

Anatomical position

person standing erect with feet together and eyes forward & palms facing anteriorly with thumbs pointing away from the body

Directional terminology used in anatomy always refers to this position

Right and left always refer to those belonging to the person or specimen being viewed NOT to the right and left sides of the viewer

What are the five key characteristics of anatomical position?

1. person is standing erect

2.feet are parallel, flat and directed forward

3.face and eyes are forward

4.arms are held at the sides

5.the palms are forward with thumbs away from the body

Superior (cranial)

Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

closer to front of body

Posterior (dorsal)

closer to back of body

Medial

towards midline of body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Intermediate

between a more medial and lateral structure

Unilateral

in reference to only one side of the body

Bilateral

found on both sides of the body, ex: kidneys

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Contralateral

on the opposite sides

Proximal

only use for structures on limbs, closer to point where limb attaches to body

Distal

only use for structures on limbs, further from point where limb attaches to body, knee is distal to the thigh

Superficial (external)

towards surface of body

Deep (internal)

away from body surface

Coronal/frontal plane

a vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal plane

a vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning that divides the body or an organ into right and left portions.

Midsagittal or median plane

the right and left portions are symmetric

Transverse plane

a horizontal plane of sectioning that divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions

Body cavities

spaces within the body that contain various internal organs protecting them as well as allowing organs to change size & shape significantly

Dorsal body cavity

cavity situated near the back of the body that includes the cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Cranial cavity

contains brain

Spinal cavity

vertebral cavity, spinal cord

Ventral body cavity

cavity situated near the front of the body that includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

ventral cavity separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm enclosed by the thoracic inlet superiorly, manubrium ventrally, ribs laterally, and spine posteriorly

umbilicus

belly button

antecubital region

the anterior upper limb between the forearm and arm, over the elbow joint

sural region

muscles of back of leg below knee

Pleural (pulmonary) cavities

two cavities right and left that are enclosed by a pleural membrane that contain the lungs

Mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea; central cavity that contains the upper thoracic organs and the pericardial cavity

Pericardial cavity

serous membrane sac containing the heart

Abdominopelvic cavity

cavity formed by the diaphragm, abdominal walls, and bones & muscles of the pelvis

Abdominal cavity

portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the abdominal walls and diaphragm superior to the pelvic bones containing most of the viscera

Pelvic cavity

portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones and muscles containing the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum

Abdominal quadrants

dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants, An imaginary midsagittal line and an imaginary transverse line through the umbilicus (belly button)

Organs in RUQ

liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney and adrenal, hepatic flexure of colon, part of ascending and transverse colon

Organs in LUQ

liver, stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal, splenic flexure of colon, part of transverse and descending colon

Organs in the RLQ (right lower quadrant)

large intestine, cecum, appendix, right ovary and fallopian tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord

Organs in the LLQ (left lower quadrant)

Part of descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Left ovary and tube

Left ureter

Left spermatic cord

small intestine

Abdominal regions

dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions, Two imaginary sagittal lines through the mid

Organs in right hypochondriac region

Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, large/ Small Intestine

organs in the epigastric region

liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands

organs in the left hypochondriac region

diaphragm, spleen, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, large/ Small Intestine

organs in the right lumbar region

ascending colon of large intestine, right kidney, small intestine

organs in umbilical region

small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine, duodenum

organs in the left lumbar region

descending colon, left kidney, small intestine

organs of the right (iliac) inguinal region

appendix, cecum, small intestine, ascending colon

Organs in the Hypogastric region

Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Female Reproductive Organs, small intestine

organs of the left (iliac) inguinal region

initial part of sigmoid colon, descending colon, small intestine

Telelogical

Designed to explain why a process occurs

Mechanistic

Designed to explain how a process occurs (steps)

Shivering

Teleological

Mechanistic

thermoreceptors detect drop in temp and send message to brain, then message sent to skeletal muscles to contract and generate heat

Insulin Release

Teleological

Mechanistic

pancreas detect blood sugar levels, insulin is released and it signals cells to take up sugar

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

What are the 2 environments inside the body?

Extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF)

Extracelluar fluid is made of

Plasma and interstitial fluid

Extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell, Na Cl

Plasma

the liquid component of blood

interstitial fluid

Fluid found within tissues

intracellular fluid

Fluid inside of cells, contains K, protein and phosphates, slight negative

all body fluids are \_______ to each other

Isotonic

Ions primarily in the ECF

Na, Cl, HCO3

Ions primarily in the ICF

K, phosphate, proteins

Cellular compartments are in \_______ equilibrium but \______ disequilibrium

Osmotic, chemical/ electrical

Osmotic equilibrium in body compartments

fluid concentrations are in equilibrium on the two sides of the cell membrane due to total number of solutes and osmotic pressure

Chemical equilibrium

Based on individual solute concentrations