Psych- Unit 1

Psychology

The study of human behavior

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

G. Stanely Hall

First American to get a Ph.D in psychology and opened the first psych lab in the us at John Hopkins. He also founded the a.p.a.

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology

Francis Cecil Sumner

First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology

Biopsychosocial

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Nativism

Plato's theory that says we are born with knowlage

philosophical empiricism

Aristotle's theory that all of our knowledge is gained through experience

Gestalt Psychology

Focuses on sensation and perception where the sum is greater than the parts.

Wilhelm Wundt

known as the father of psychology and in 1879 he opened the first psychological lab. he helped to move psychology out of philosophy and more into the sciences.

William James

taught the first psych class in a university and wrote the first psych textbook.

Functionalism

doesn't matter what our conciseness is made of it matters how we use it

Behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

humanism

A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity

evolution psychology

how our cognition and behavior are adaptive and what evolutions we see today were used to help our ancestors.

cultural psychology

the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members

educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

Forensic Psychology

field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice

Industiral/organizational Psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

empirical

based on observation or experiment

Theoretically Diverse

there are different theories for one phenomenon that can cause discussions and research for it

Sociohistorical Evolution

our psychology will change based on our historical elements and our sociology

multiple causality

most problems have more than one cause and solution

cultural heritage

how you are brought up and where you came from can change people a lot

Basic Psychology

Theory and foundational science

Applied Psychology

using psychology to change something in the real world or better something

reciprocal determinism

the idea that everyone influences eachother

Scientific Method

1. observe

2. Create a theory

3. Formulate a hypothesis

4. design a study

5. collect data

6. analyze the data

7. report your findings + revise your theories

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Independent variable

under control of the researcher, what you are testing

dependent variable

what you measure

operational definition

defines what/how you are trying to measure

quasi-experiment

where an independent variable is of interest but can't be manipulated

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

between subjects

each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable

within subjects

each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable

Reliability

consistency of measurement

Validity

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

W.E.I.R.D

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

self-selection

a form of sampling bias that occurs when a sample contains only people who volunteer to participate

descriptive statistics

describing what your data looks like (mean, median, mode)

Inferential Stats

tells you if there is a significant difference between your independent variables

T-test

tells you if there's a significant difference between TWO groups

F-stat

tells you if there's a significant difference between MULTIPLE groups

P value

your significance level, how likely it is that these results are by chance

correlation strength

between magnitude (-1.00 - 1.00) 0 \= no correlation. Farther away from 0 \= stronger relationship

Correlation Direction

-positive: when one variable increases so does the other

-negative: when one variable increases, the other decreases

informed consent

the participant needs to be aware of any potential risks that they will be exposed to during the study

respect for persons

a person can not be coerced into participating in a study

Beneficence

you have to look at the costs and benefits of the study to make sure it levels out.

confedientiality

there should be no way to identify a person based on their data, even their participation in the study should be confidential

fairness

benefits need to be applied to all participants equally

Debriefing

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Research study conducted by a branch of the U.S. government, lasting for roughly 50 years (ending in the 1970s), in which a sample of African American men diagnosed with syphilis were deliberately left untreated, without their knowledge, to learn about the lifetime course of the disease.

animal research

due to animals being unable to consent to studies, there are different rules

miscondut

when a researcher is intentionally violating an ethical issue

Plagiarism

using someone else's words/ideas as your own

Falsification

to change/alter/maliciously delete data

fabrication

making up data

experimentar expectancy

Due to the experimental expecting an outcome, the participant's behavior changes

demand characteristics

specific, unconscious behaviors that communicate the expectations

single-blind study

the participants aren't aware of their condition/ what level of the independent variable they are being exposed to

double-blind study

neither the experimenter or the participant are aware of what level they are being exposed to

Hawthorne effect

People act differently when they know they are being studied

social desiarability bias

people respond in a more "socially desirable" way than how they truly feel

bogus pipeline

a lie that you tell your participants that tells them that you can tell they're lying

Confound/third variable problem

when it looks like two variables are related to one another however this relationship is just being driven by a third variable

universal approach

assumes that whatever you are looking for is the same across the globe

ecological approach

considers the culture and situation and what effects that might have on the concept you are studying

Teratogen

a potentially dangerous component for a developing fetus

critical period

if you don't learn this technique/exhibit this behavior by a certain time, it will be missing and you will never learn it

sensitive period

it is easier to learn a skill during this period but it is still possible to learn that thing after the time period has passed

Post hoc thinking

This results when it's presumed that one event caused another event just because it occurred first.

stage theories

where it is thought that you have to complete one stage before moving to the next one. once there is a completion of a stage, you can not come back to it

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Prenatal sense development- Sound

there is a lot of evidence that fetuses in utero can hear and remember sound.

Prenatal sense development- smell/taste

if you expose a baby to a smell or taste that the mother exposed them to in utero frequently, it will respond differently than a baby that was never exposed in utero

Authoritarianism parenting

parents impose rules and a violation of these rules lead to very severe consequences, this can tend to be fairly coercive

permissive parenting

this tends to be considered unstrained. parents might put in some rules but the parents don't really care if they are being followed. the parent wants to be more of a friend than a parent.

negligent parenting

similar to permissive parenting but more extreme. there aren't rules because the parents don't necessarily care what the child does

authoritative parenting

recognized to be the healthiest. there are rules and consequence's to breaking the rules and afterwards, these rules will then be talked about with the childf

strange situation

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant finds comfort in being around it's caregiver, when they return from being gone the child is aware and will show notice. this is the healthiest style and 60% of infants show this attachment to at least 1 caregiver

avoidant attachment

when an infants caregiver leaves, the infant doesn't notice or care. afterwards, when the caregiver returns the child continues to ignore the caregiver. 20% of infants show this level of attachment

ambivalent/anxious attachment

when an infants caregiver leaves, the child is very anxious and distressed. this behavior continues even when the caregiver returns 15% of infants show this level of attachment.

disorganized attachment

a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return about 5% of infants show this level of attachment.

Thomas and Chess (1977;1989)

Measured children's temperaments when they were 3 months old and again when they were 10, there wasn't much change in behavior. this proved that nature does play a role.

realism to relativism

one of Piaget's developmental stages, children start in realism and think that a rule is a rule and any violation of the rule is bad. as they age they move to relativism and learn that sometimes you need to break the rule for moral or just reasons

prescription to principal

one of Piaget's developmental stages, in the prescription phase rules are only relevant in circumstances that are talked about. however when children age they start to understand the meaning behind the rules

outcome to intentions

one of Piaget's developmental stages, the child determines what is wrong based on the outcome of the action. as they age they switch to caring more about the intention, caring about why you did the thing not just how bad it was.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development

3 stage theory: