APUSH - American Pageant Ch 2-8

Protestant Reformation

16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther

Roanoke Island

English colony that Sir Walter Raleigh founded on an island off North Carolina in 1585; the colonists who did not return to England disappeared without a trace in 1590

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

charter

A document that gives the holder the right to organize settlements in an area

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America, 1607

First Anglo-Powhatan War

Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Native villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Last-ditch effort by the Natives to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Native areas of settlement.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians, protected Catholics

Barbados slave code

First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.

squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.

Iroquois Confederacy

a group of Native American nations in eastern North America joined together under one general government

Tuscarora War

Began with an Native attack on New Bern, North Carolina. After the Tuscarora were defeated, remaining Native survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.

Yamasee Indians

Defeated by the south Carolinians in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Native tribes in the Southern colonies.

buffer

OG reasons for Georgia

Henry VIll

King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown after starving times and imposed a law "He who will not work shall not eat".

Powhatan

Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Natives, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Natives and English until Powhatan's death. (some of story probs exaggerated)

Pocahontas

a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Hiawatha

A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquois Confederacy around 1570.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state. Puritans

predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

conversion

A change of heart, turning away from sin and toward God

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England as they thought it was too Catholic still. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims (radicals) and Quakers

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Great English Migration

(1630-1642) migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean; the twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose- to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World

antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

Fundamental Orders

In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting and they established a constitution called the Fundamental Orders. It made a Democratic government. It was the first constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states' charters and constitutions.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Natives. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Native lands for expansion.

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692 when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Navigation Laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.

Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution

Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority.

salutary neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

patroonships

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

blue laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Native attacks.

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Anne Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Massasoit

Chief of the Wampanoag Natives who helped the Pilgrims survive. They had peace for 40 years until his death.

Metacom (King Philip)

Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

William III

Became co-monarch of England after the Glorious Revolution.

Mary II

Ruled jointly with her husband, William III, after the Glorious Revolution.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Duke of York

King Charles the Second gave the colony to his brother who renamed it New York instead of New Netherland/New Amsterdam

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

indentured servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

headright system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Natives after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Natives and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Royal African Company

English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.

middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

jeremiad

Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah.

Half-Way Covenant

Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans. It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Salem witch trials

Several accusations of witchcraft 1692 led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Leisler's Rebellion

When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York.

William Berkeley

A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Natives that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Nathaniel Bacon

a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Native attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Natives. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Regulator movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

New York slave revolt

Uprising of approximately two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nine white people and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating black people.

South Carolina slave revolt (Stono River)

Uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina slaves along the Stono River. The slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia.

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Molasses Act

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election. Founder Jacob Arminius, associated with Anne Hutchinson.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

new lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Poor Richard's Almanack

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

Zenger trial

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

royal colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic. King had veto power over colonial laws.

proprietary colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur

French settler who thought and wrote about the new American identity; he described the population as diverse, with many cultures and ethnicities intertwined, asked "What then is the American, this new man?"

Jacobus Arminius

Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." Toured the colonies attracting mass crowds.