KINE240: Ch. 5, Nervous System

central nervous system (CNS)

brain, brain stem, spinal cord; coordinates information coming in from the sensory neurons to respond through motor pathways

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

nerves, sensory, and motor

nervous system divisions

voluntary and involuntary

psyche

from the Greek goddess, meaning mind

psychiatry and psychology

deal with problems in our perceptions, emotions, and behavior

meninges

protective membranes that cover the nervous system

cerebrum

largest part of the brain, divided into five lobes on each of the two hemispheres

cerebr/o

brain

encephal/o

brain

cerebellum

“little brain”; movement error detector and movement coordinator

cerebell/o

cerebellum

lob/o

lobe

cephal/o

head

carni/o

head or skull

-meter

instrument used to measure

mening/o

meninges

meningi/o

meninges

dur/o

dura mater (the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord)

neur/o

nerve

gangli/o

nerve bundle, collection of nerves

myel/o

spinal cord or bone marrow (use context)

neurology

focuses on neural function/physiology

esthesi/o

feelings or sensations

phas/o

speech

phren/o

mind

psych/o

mind

somn/o

sleep

somn/i

sleep

hypn/o

sleep

gnosi/o

knowledge

-mania

excessive desire

-phobia

excessive fear

-paresis

slight, partial paralysis

ton/o

muscle tone, tension, pressure

kinesi/o

movement

kinet/o

movement

tax/o

order, arrangement, coordination

-plegia

paralysis

-asthenia

weakness

phon-

sound

syncope

from the Greek for contraction or cut off; means fainting

dys-

bad

lex

reading

-phobia

fears

delirium

sudden state of confusion

dementia

persistent state of confusion, decline in mental function

aphasia

lack of speech

dysphasia

difficulty speaking

ataxia

lack of coordination

catatonia

reduced muscle tone

dystonia

involuntary muscle movements

-clonus

turmoil

myoclonus

muscle twitching

in-

not

ambul-

walk

-ism

coordination

hemiparesis

partial paralysis of half of the body

monoparesis

partial paralysis in one limb

hemiplegia

complete loss of sensation and movement on one half of the body

monoplegia

complete loss of sensation and movement in one limb

pesud-

false

par-

beside

caus-

burn

causalgia

burning pain

anosmia

lack of a sense of smell

acro-

heights

agora-

marketplace

kleptomania

desire to steal

pyromania

desire to set fires

neurological exams

examinations of muscle strength, coordination, sensation, reflexes

psychiatric exam

involves asking the patient many questions to determine cause of patient’s problem

LP

lumbar puncture

computerized tomography (CT) scan

type of x-rays to see tumors or bleeding

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

determines the presence of tumors and bleeding, shows soft tissues of the body

ultrasound

soundwaves to study the structures of an organ

electroencephalogram (EEG)

records brain waves

myelogram

x-ray of the spinal cord

cerebral angiography

x-ray of blood vessels of the brain

angi/o

vessel

encephalography

x-ray of the brain

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

uses contrasting radioactive drug infusion

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

sees blood vessels in the brain with a contrasting dye

transcranial doppler sonography (TDS)

image of the brain using sound waves

duritis

inflammation of the dura, also known as meningitis

hemat/o

blood

agnosia

inability to comprehend

atopognosis

inability to locate a sensation

prosopagnosia

inability to recognize faces

apathy

lack of emotion

hyperkinesia

increased muscle movement or activity

neurasthenia

nerve weakness

afferent nerve

nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain

efferent nerve

nerve fibers responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system to initiate an action

cerebral aneurysm

widening of a blood vessel in the brain

anesthesiologist

a medical doctor who specializes in administering anesthesia, the medical treatment that keeps you from feeling pain during procedures or surgery

psychiatrist

someone who conducts treatment of the mind

psychologist

someone who conducts the study of the mind

neurogenic

originating from nerves

psychosomatic

pertaining to relationship of the body and mind

preictal

time before the seizure