HDFS 2200 Exam 1

Field of human development (characteristics)

Scientific, applied, interdisciplinary, study change and constancy throughout life

3 domains of human development

Biological, cognitive, psychosocial

Nature

Genetic influence

Nurture

Environmental influence

Prenatal (period of development)

Conception-birth

Infancy and toddlerhood (period of development)

Birth-2 years old

Early childhood (period of development)

2-6 years old

Middle childhood (period of development)

6-11 years old

Adolescence (period of development)

11-18 years old

Early adulthood (period of development)

18-40 years old

Middle adulthood (period of development)

40-65 years old

Late adulthood (period of development)

65 years old-death

Development from a lifespan perspective (characteristics)

Lifelong, multidirectional, multi-contextual, multicultural, plastic

Principles of human development

Continuity principle, only survivors grow old, individuality matters, normal aging across lifespan

Types of individuality

Intraindividual, interindividual

Intraindividual

Development and changes in a person over time and in different ways

Interindividual

Differences between people

Continuity principle

Changes we experience build on previous experience in a cumulative manner

Only survivors grow old

People who live to old age do so by overcoming challenges in younger years

Primary aging

Normal again, due to changes over time due to alteration in the body’s system; universal, normal senescence

Secondary aging (impaired aging)

Changes over time leading to impairment due to lifestyle, illness, disease, and unhealthy conditions (substance abuse, excessive exercise, etc.)

Tertiary aging

Aging process occurring toward the very end of life; rapid loss of all areas of functioning (hearing is the last function prior to death)

Psychoanalytic theory founder

Sigmund Freud

Psychosexual stages

Oral (mouth) → anal (bowel/bladder) → phallic (genitals) → latent (low libido) → genital (sexual interest)

Psychosocial development founder

Erik Erikson

Behaviorism

Core of understanding +/- reinforcement

Behaviorism figures

Watson, Pavlov (operational and classic conditioning)

Humanism founder

James Maslow

Humanism

All beings have the same basic needs that exist in a hierarchy; a schema to understand the foundation for ourselves

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological needs → safety needs → love and belonging → esteem → self-actualization

First figure to study how children think

Jean Piaget (cognitive theory)

Sensory motor stage

Birth-2 years old; development happens through senses, motor skills, items known by use and object permanence is learned

Pre-operational stage

2-6 years old; language, symbolic thinking, egocentric thinking, growth of imagination/experience, the child decenters

Concrete operational stage

7-11 years old; children become concrete thinkers who can apply logic and provide rational/objective interpretations, but cannot think abstractly

Formal operational stage

12 years old-adulthood; begin more abstract thinking, hypotheticals, metaphorical ideas

Evolutionary theory

Seeks to understand how we adapt over time; study of how cognitive, emotional, and social competencies can change with age over time

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

First theorist to study the role of culture in child development believed that the transmissions of culture to a new generation occurs through values, beliefs, customs, and skills and that social interaction is necessary to learn

Epigenetics

How DNA interacts with smaller molecules which activates and deactivates genes, interfering with transcription; studies the interactions between nature and nurture

Epigenome

Small chemical tags influenced by diet, chemical exposure, and medications that attach to the genome and potentially inhibit gene expression

Biopsychosocial framework

Interconnected, cannot entangle one from the other; biological + sociocultural + psychological forces

Societal context

Dynamic interaction of social systems in which we situate our lives

Social categories

Gender, sexuality, race, class, culture, ability

Intersectionality

Social categories influence one another to create a unique matrices of individual experience

Relationallity

Rejects the binary and examines the “both/and” of social identities; we are privileged in some parts of our identity yet disadvantaged in other ways

Identity (examples)

Gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, SES, age, appearance, nationality, religion

Social forces

Patriarchy, white supremacy, heteronormativity, capitalism, colonialism, etc.

Oppression

All the “isms”; homophobia, xenophobia, cisgender bias, etc.

Identity

Encompasses the beliefs, values, memories, relationships, and experiences that shape and define who we are; born with certain aspects but others require context

Complexity of identity

Multiple social dimensions shape an individual’s identity; “the social, cultural, and historical context is the ground in which identity is embedded”

Domination and subordination

Those with the most power are often less aware of the plight of those with less societal power; subordinate group is not aware of the dominant experience (EX: tweeting Taylor Swift a happy birthday even though she will not reply)

Dr. Beverly Tatum

Discusses how identity formation is influenced by dominant narratives

Femininity, masculinity, and gender roles

Society is obsessed with gender because it maintains patriarchal power structures, gender scripts, and gender order

Maintaining gender order

Gender roles are a means for social control; men are anxious about gender as they have more power to lose; LGBT threaten patriarchal ideas about gender and gender order

Conception

Occurs when two gametes (ovum and sperm, 23 chromosome pairs) combine to form a zygote, 46 chromosomes in a single cell; sex of the embryo depends on the sperm - XX female, XY male; egg fertilized by sperm before traveling through fallopian tube

Periods from sygote to birth

Embryonic/fetal development (fetus), trimesters (person carrying baby)

Germinal period fail rate

60%

Spontaneous abortion rate during embryonic period

20%

Percentage of zygotes that grow and survive, becoming newborns

31%

Spontaneous abortion rate during fetal period

5%

Teratogens

Any agent that can cause a birth defect or negative effects, sometimes as a result of physical substance or condition of the mother (EX: birth defects); depends on dose, genetic susceptibility, time of exposure

Teratogens (examples)

Alcohol, drugs, tobacco, chemicals

Teratogens (risk prevention)

Prenatal test to detect abnormalities, nutrition, vitamins/folic acid, exercise, living in a safe environment

Stage 1 of childbirth

Fetus forms after 34th/36th week, water breaks, vaginal canal effaces/softening of opening, each contraction approaches a dilation of 10 cm to make space for the fetus

Stage 2 of childbirth

Pushing the fetus through the birth canal; baby is born

Stage 3 of childbirth

Woman delivers the placenta that nourished the fetus for 9 months

Cesarean birth (c-section)

Planned birth executed by cutting through the abdomen and uterus at a hospital or home; up to 6 weeks recovery

Epidural

Anesthesia injected in the spine, paralyzing from the waist down

Childbirth pain management

Birth in the US is very medicalized; lots of medications available to reduce pain or speed up the birth

International cutoff for “low” birth rate

5\.5 lbs

International cutoff for “very low” birth weight

3 lbs 5 oz

International cutoff for “extremely low” birthweight

2 lbs 3 oz

Teratogens (birthweight)

Low birth weight babies are more vulnerable to every teratogen and birth complications can be lethal

Factors linked to low birth weight

Food scarcity, drug use, unmarried/unpartnered parenthood

Highest APGAR score

10

Good APGAR score

7-10

Infant states of arousal

Regular sleep, irregular sleep, drowsiness, quiet alertness, waking activity, crying

Newborn sense of touch

Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals; highly sensitive to pain

Newborn sense of taste and smell

Prefer sweeter tastes, but are quickly to like new tastes; have odor preferences at birth and can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth

Newborn sense of hearing

Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth, but prefer complex sounds to pure tones; can learn sound patterns within days; sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn new language

Newborn sense of vision

The least developed sense at birth; visual structures in eyes and brain are not fully formed and have limited acuity; scan environment, track moving objects; color vision improves within the first two months

Immunizations

Primes the body’s immune system to resist a particular disease; responsible for eradication of small pox and drastic reductions in chicken pox, flu, measles, mumps, pneumonia, polio, rotavirus, tetanus, and whooping cough

Immunizations (newborns)

Not safe for newborns with an impaired immune system

Herd immunity

Each vaccinated child and adult stops the transmission of disease and protects those who are vulnerable; we are currently experiencing a decrease in herd immunity

Andrew Wakefield

Released a study in the 90s relating vaccines to autism; this study has been invalidated and debunked numerous times and he has been banned from practicing medicine

Pregnancy on a global stage

Societal structures affect everything related to pregnancy and childbirth - access to contraception, healthcare, and information; a woman’s worth is often tied to her ability to reproduce and raise children

Pregnancy as a site of oppression

Abortion debates polarize perspectives focused on the personhood of a fetus vs. the personhood of a woman and who dictates and what happens within her body; commodifies bodies in exchange for a service, having little to no claim of the product

Biocapitalism

Materials derived from human and non-human bodies and assigned monetary value; includes reproductive technologies

Color of Loss (Ruth, 2008)

Discrimination in obtaining access to reproductive medical care as a lesbian woman; she and her partner tried to conceive via fertility for 5 years, going thousands of dollars into debt and revealing the incompetent, manipulative nature of the fertility industry

Lacking research and information (Color of Loss)

Ruth received unfair, conflicting advice from doctors about her fertility; warns that fertility drugs may be harmful to women and there are no longitudinal studies

Misogyny and LGBT discrimination

Ruth’s doctor often berated her medical choices and provided straight couples with resources but would not extend this to Ruth and her partner; heteronormativity and homophobia are the core of discrimination

Pregnant behind bars

US accounts for 5% of the world’s women and 33% of the world’s female prisoners; imprisoned women do not receive prenatal care, experience long waits and overwhelming hunger, and are restrained during labor; pregnant inmates often lose custody of their babies unjustly

Culturally Competent Care for Aboriginal Women

Aboriginal women in Canada are increasingly giving birth in hospitals instead of at home, therefore healthcare workers need to understand and respect aboriginal cultural practices; aboriginal concepts of health are holistic and family is a large part of pregnancy/birth

Considerations for culturally competent care

Respect for health beliefs and practices, understand that conflict may occur across cultures, actively listening and making genuine efforts to understand the patient’s perspective, provide clear explanations

Childbirth at Global Crossroads

India declared commercial surrogacy in 2002 → 350 reproductive technology clinics have opened and female workers are filling service jobs in the Northern Hemisphere

Indian surrogates (Childbirth at Global Crossroads)

Must be healthy, married mothers, performs “emotional labor",” surrogacy provides needed income, improves social standing, helps fund education for their own children

Surrogacy and the law (Childbirth at Global Crossroads)

International surrogacy is highly complex and legally inconsistent

Reproductive ethics and justice (Childbirth at Global Crossroads)

A lot of women would not choose this as a means for money is they had other options

Early emotions

High emotional responsiveness; pain and pleasure

Primary emotions

Surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust; occur earlier on, more basic emotions

Basic infant/toddler emotions

A relatively new area of study, most research is focused on physical development; babies have a range of emotions, first they react with a quick uncensored reactions but responses become more complex with time