BIO A 201 Final

When were the first primates found? (name and dates)

Paleocene, 66 mya

When was the “Golden Age of Prosimians”? (name and dates)

Eocene, 54 mya

When was the “Golden Age of Monkeys”? (name and dates)

Oligocene, 34 mya

When was the “Golden Age of Apes”? (name and dates)

Miocene, 23 mya

When did hominins first arrive? (name and dates)

Pliocene, 5 mya

When did we get anatomically and behaviorally modern Homo? (name and dates)

Pleistocene, 2-6 mya

When was the Modern Age? (name and dates)

Holocene, 12 kya

Climate change: general _____ trend over the last 65 mya

cooling

The lower Pleistocene experienced notable _____

cooling

The middle Pleistocene experiences ___ __&__ ___ periods

glacial, interglacial

The upper Pleistocene is the first time it starts to get ______

warm

Carbon Dating dates __ up to how many years old?

bone, 40 kya

Potassium-Argon dating dates __ up to how many years old?

molten rock, 5 bya

Uranium-Lead dating dates __

stalagmites

Thermoluminescence reveals the last time something was exposed to ___

light

Electron-Spin Resonance dates __ __ in teeth

apatite crystals

Paleomagnetic dating dates __ as it reorients itself during "____” periods as the earth’s poles switch

iron, reversal

mammals that are ALMOST primates (prototypes)

Plesiadapiforms

When and where did Plesiadapiforms show up? (name and dates)

Paleo/Eocene cusp, 54-65 mya, North America + Europe

What is the DEBATED “first primate”? (and when/where)

Purgatorius (65 mya, Montana)

What is the OFFICIAL “first primate”?

Altiatlasius

When and where did Altiatlasius show up? (name and dates)

Paleocene, 56-58 mya, Morocco

What are the 2 families of primates that first have the full suite of characteristics?

Adapidae, Omomyidae

When and where did Adapidae and Omomyidae show up? (name and dates)

Eocene, 34-55 mya, North America + Europe

Who are the Strepsirrhine ancestors?

Adapidae

Who are the Haplorrhine ancestors?

Omomyidae

As monkeys show up during the __, the climate starts to get __

Oligocene, cooler

Where were the majority of anthropoids found?

Fayum, Egypt

Asian/African ape Anthropoid ancestors

Oligopithecids

South/Central American monkey ancestors

Parapithecids

Later Oligocene anthropoid ancestors

Propliopithecids

First monkey we have a skeleton for

Aegyptopithecus

platyrrhine monkeys most likely ___ or ___ ___ from Africa to South America (time frame)

rafted, island hopped, 30-35 mya

earliest platyrrine fossil (name, date, location)

Branisella, 25 mya, Bolivia

platyrrhine monkey that looks almost exactly like a modern-day Cepid (name, date, location)

Killikaike blakei, 16.5 mya, Argentina

oldest ape (name, date, location)

Morotopithecus, 20 mya, Uganda

ape that had a monkey-like postcrania but ape-like crania (name, date, location)

Proconsul, 17-23 mya, Africa

Orangutan ancestor (name, date, location)

Sivapithecus, 12 mya, Asia

ape that was highly arboreal based on the intermembral index and had a similar Pan and Gorilla face morphology (name, date, location)

Dryopithecus, 9-10 mya, Europe

What is the trait that is UNIQUELY HUMAN?

habitual bipedalism

propulsive muscles for humans

calves

Homo habilis and early Homo erectus used WHAT kind of tools?

Oldowan

Homo erectus and early Homo heidelbergensis used WHAT kind of tools?

Acheulean

This tool industry is the most standardized and remained unchanged for 1 million years

Acheulean

teardrop-shaped hand axes often made of obsidian

Acheulean

Homo heidelbergensis used WHAT kind of tools?

Levallois

prepared-core technique, allowing you to get multiple tools from one stone

Levallois

Neanderthals used WHAT kind of tools?

Mousterian

Lower paleolithic tool industries:

Oldowan, Acheulean

Middle paleolithic tool industries:

Levallois, Mousterian

Early Homo sapiens used WHAT kind of tools?

Aurignacian

produces a large number of blades from one core giving you disposable or carryable tools

Aurignacian

What is the tool industry that proves and overlap between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, showing that they were able to communicate in some way?

Chatelperronian

The majority of Homo sapiens used WHAT kind of tools?

Upper paleolithic

Upper paleolithic tool industries

Aurignacian, Chatelperronian, upper paleolithic

pressure flaking, microliths, composite tools

upper paleolithic

study of what happens to bone after death

taphonomy

Which hominin was likely the first one to eat meat and how do we know? (2 reasons)

Homo erectus, vitamin A poisoning, tapeworms

Why do women practice extractive foraging and don’t hunt?

babies

Women produce the ___ post-40

most

passable conditions allowing for migration to be possible and expected (name and dates)

Interglacial, 7 kya

impassable conditions brought on by glaciers at the poles and extreme desert in the middle (name and dates)

glacial, 20 kya

only hominin NOT found in Africa

Neanderthals

large bodies have a smaller surface area/volume ratio, allowing them to better hold in heat

Bergmann’s Rule

more rounded limbs hold in heat better

Allen’s Rule

tools and hominins ALWAYS start in ___ (except for Neanderthals)

Africa

the only hominid that we only have genetic info on, no fossils

Denisovans

populations of hominids that were able to interbreed with modern humans

archaic Homo sapiens

Interbreeding between Denisovans and modern Homo sapiens occurred ___ of the ___ Line

east, Wallace

Denisovan DNA found in modern ___ ___

Australian aboriginals

most recent humans on earth other than ourselves

Denisovans

what corresponds with us settling down?

ice age ending, 12-15 kya

temperatures rising and plateauing

post glacial

when did plant domestication start?

10 kya

last common ancestor of all humans lived in ___ around ___

Africa, 130kya

there were multiple waves of migration out of Africa over the last ___ years

150 k

European populations contain ___ genes

Neanderthal

Populations east of the Wallace Line contain ___ genes

Denisovan

genetic difference between humans and gorillas

1\.75 %

genetic difference between humans and bonobos

1\.3 %

genetic difference between humans and chimpanzees

1\.2 %

when the nucleotide bases differ but still code for the same amino acid

synonymous substitutions

when the differing base pairs result in different amino acids (changes the protein itself)

nonsynonymous substitutions

happen so quickly that you can see genetic differences between different species (evolving rapidly in humans)

highly accelerated regions (HARs)

when single gene disorders are inherited because heterozygous individuals carry this dominant allele

autosomal dominant

when single gene disorders are inherited through homozygous recessive individuals

autosomal recessive

when single gene disorders are inherited through a mutated gene on the X chromosome

x-linked

___ are more effected by x-linked disorders

men

genetic variation occurs because selection removes it and mutation re-adds it and so on

selection-mutation balance

when heterozygous individuals have the highest fitness in certain environments so the deleterious allele is kept around

balanced polymorphism

example of balanced polymorphism

sickle-cell anemia + malaria

developed adaptations that no longer fit the environment we live in and therefore no longer help us

Mismatch diseases/disorders

2 examples of mismatch diseases

Diabetes II, Lactase Persistence

rapid spread of a particularly beneficial gene variant in a population

selective sweep

genes that link and travel together

haplotypes

single base pair differences within long region of DNA nearly identical among populations

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)

example of single-nucleotide polymorphism

the ability to process lactase

brown skin pigmentation

Eumelanin

red/yellow skin pigmentation

Pheomelanin

Darker skin arises later in Africa as a response to less ___ ___ and the exposure to __ ____

body hair, UV radiation