mt@acc u3

plslemepass

define neuron

nerve cell

function of a nerve cell

carry electrical messages all over the body

define nerves

bundles of nerve cells

2 types of nerves

sensory(afferent) and motor(efferent)

what does the CNS contain

brain and spine

Brain and spinal cord

what does the PNS contain

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
plexuses
peripheral nerves

what do cranial nerves carry

impulses between brain, head and neck

what do spinal nerves carry

carry messages between spinal cord, chest, abdomen, and extremities.

define plexus

large, interlacing network of nerves

define peripheral nerves

nerves outside brain and spinal cord

ANS function

involuntary nerves sends impulses from CNS to involuntary organs/structures (heart , glands, stomach, etc)

symphathetic nervous system

(fight or flight)

stimulates body during stress and crisis increases pulse and blood pressure relaxes airways to allow body to get more oxygen slows digestion stimulates adrenal gland to release epinephrine

parasympathetic nervous system

opposite effects of sympathetic
decreases pulse and BP
contracts pupils of the eye
stimulates secretions
stimulates peristalsis to evacuate rectum

dendrite

branching fibers of a neuron

cell body

impulse travels in one direction to reach the cell body

cell nucleus

contained inside the cell body

axon

extends from the cell body and carries nerve impulse AWAY from the cell body

myelin sheath

insulates the axon and speeds transmission of the electrical impulse

terminal end fibers

area where nerve impulse leaves the cell

synapse

space where nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to another neuron

Nuerotransmitters

A chemical substance released by the neuron to aid in transfer of electrical impulses across the synapse.

example of nuerotransmitter

Acetylcholine (ACh)
Epinephrine (EPI)
Dopamine (DA,DM,DOP)
Serotonin (5HT)

Define neuroglial cell

hold the nervous system together and ward off infection and injury, DO NOT transmit impulses

4 neuroglial cells

Astrocytes
Microglial
Oligodendroglia
Ependymal

define astrocyte cell

transport water and salts between nerve cells and capillaries

Define microglial cells

phagocytes that protect neurons from inflammation

Oligodendroglia

makes the myelin sheath that protects axons in CNS

Ependymal

lines membrane within brain and spinal cord

cerebrum

higher learning, personality, personality, movement, and thought

gyrus

sheets of nerve cells

sulcus

grooves that separate gyri from each other

CSF

watery fluid that flows through the brain and spinalcord to protect brain from shock

Thalamus

not under conscious control, aids in perception of pain.

Hypothalamus

controls body temperature, sleep, sexual desire, and appetite

Brainstem

3 sections
controls vital functions

midbrain

uppermost portion of the brainstem. Connects cerebrum to the lower portion of the brain and structures involved with seeing and hearing.

pons

contains nerve fiber tracts to connect cerebrum and cerebellum to rest of the brain

medulla oblongata

Connects spinal cord with rest of brain

Nerve fibers cross over in this area from left to right and from right to left

Vital centers for:
Respiratory
cardiac
Vasomotor functions such as blood pressure

Cerebellum

coordinates voluntary movement and maintains balance and posture

spinal cord

Column of nervous tissue extending from medulla oblongata to L2 vertebra

grey matter

inner region containing cell body and dendrites

White matter

outer region containing nerve fiber tracts with myelin sheath

cauda equina

fan of nerve fibers below end of spinal cord (horses tail)

Meninges

Three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord

Dura mater

Arachnoid membrane

Pia mater

lept/o

thin, slender

esthesia

asthenia

kines/o

movement

lepsy

comat/o

deep sleep (coma)

paresis

plegia

phasia

syncop/o

to cut short, faint

tax/o

coordination, order

hydrocephalus

abnormal accumulation of CSF fluid in the brain; relieved by shunts from ventricle to the peritoneal space in abdomen

spina bifida

congenital defect in lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts

Meningocele

Myelomeningocele

Epilepsy

2 types of epilepsy

Tonic

Tonic / Clonic (grand mal)

Absence

Alzheimer's Disease

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Palsy

2 types of palsy

cerebral palsy
bells palsy

Cerebral palsy

Bell's palsy

Parkinson's Disease

degeneration of neurons in the brain caused by the loss of neurotransmitter dopamine , occurs later in life

symptoms of PD

stooped posture, shuffling gait, muscle stiffness, and tremors

treatment of PD

give drugs to increase dopamine but only relieve symptoms and is not a cure

Meningitis

symptoms of meningitis

fever , headache, light sensitivity, stiff neck

diagnosis for meningitis

lumbar puncture (LP) to examine CSF

treatment of meningitis

antibiotics or antivirals

Cerebral Concussion

treatment for cerebral concussion

rest

Cerebral Contusion

stroke

also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA); disruption in normal blood supply to the brain

3 causes of a stroke

1. hemorrhagic
2. thrombotic
3. embolic

Thrombotic stroke

embolic stroke

dislodged thrombus travels to arteries to the brain and occludes brain blood vessel

hemorrhagic stroke

blood vessel bursts and bleeding occurs in the brain

Aneurysm

weakening of a blood vessel that eventually balloons and bursts

Cerebral angiography

Computerized tomography (CT scan)

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Lumbar puncture (LP)

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebra for lab analysis; helps diagnose meningitis

cva

cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

eeg

electroencephalogram

mri

magnetic resonance imaging

ms

multiple sclerosis

tbi

traumatic brain injury

tia

transient ischemic attack