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Saggital

divides body right to left

Frontal

front to back *not symmetric

Transverse

Divides body into upper and lower parts horizontally *not symmetric

How are humans divided?

Humans are bilaterally symmetrical across the mid-sagital plane (symmetry mirror-side)

Sagittal Plane

-Structures medial or lateral

• the nose is medial to the eyes

• the eyes are lateral to the nose

• the ears are on the lateral aspects of the head

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Frontal Plane

• Anterior and Posterior

• the sternum is anterior to the heart

• heart is posterior to sternum

• pancreas posterior to stomach

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

back

Transverse Plane

• superior and inferior

• lungs are superior to diaphragm

• urinary bladder is inferior to the uterus (causes pregnant people to pee.)

Appendages

• proximal and distal

• close to point where the appendages attach to the body and distal is opposite

• shoulder is proximal to elbow and hand is distal to the shoulder

Ezekial 37 "Valley of the Dancing Bones"

a prophecy of the Lord causing dead bones to have life breathed into them and they came alive to make an army.

What's the Skeletal system teach us about God?

That he made us embodied beings not just spiritual but physical to bring redemption and restoration to these relationships. Our bones also allow us to embody his will and do things like pray.

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

33

Whats the Vertebral canal?

the foramen for the spinal cord (what somites became)

What's a foramen?

Round passageways that have blood vessels and nerves going through them

Intervertabral foramina

holes for the spinal nerves that are between the vertbra

Facets and the Spinous process

for joints and muscle attachement

Why are certain bones thicker?

They often times contain more muscle

Types of Vertebral bones?

1. Cervical (7)

2. Thoracic (12)

3. Lumbar (5)

4. Sacral (5)

5. Coccyx (4)

• these are labeled superior to inferior

What's the Cervical Atlas Bone?

C1 cervical bone named atlas that holds up your head and allows the "yes" function of your head to occur

What's the Axis Bone?

C2 cervical bone that allows the "no" function

What do the thoracic bones attach to?

the ribs

What are Lumbar bones?

the lower back vertbra that support your body weight and are the attachment site for arteries

What are Sacral bones?

the 5 bones fused together with intervertebral foramena

What are the Coccyx bones?

Fused bones commonly known as the tailbone

What's the spinal disc made of?

cartilage surrounded by bone

Disorders of the spinal disc

1. scoliosis

2. Kyphosis

3. Lordosis

Scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine

kyphosis

hunchback

Lordosis

anterior curvature of the lumbar spine

How many bones are in the rib cage?

12

What does the rib cage branch of of

Sternum

What's the sternum made of?

Manubrium bones, the body, and the Xiphoid process

whats the xiphoid process

the part of the sternum you want to hit above in order to perform CPR

How are the ribs divided?

• 7 pairs of true ribs attached to the sternum

• 3 pairs of false ribs attached to rib #7

• 2 pairs of floating ribs that aren't attacjed to other ribs or the sternum which makes them easily breakable and can often rupture your organs

What's the Appendicular skeleton?

thoracic limb bones, pelvic limb bones, pectoral and pelvic girdles

Pectoral Girdle

• attaches the arm to the axial skeleton

• attaches the clavicle to the scapula

The sternum has....

medial and proximal articulation

What's the AC joint

an attachment process of the clavicle

What's the clavicle?

'collarbone"

• proximal and medial to sternum -distal/lateral to AC joint + Scapula

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

What's the Scapula

the shoulder blade/acromin process

What's Glenoid fossa

the lateral aspet depression where the humerus articulates

Whats a dislocated shoulder

when the humerus goes out of socket (in the wrong location)

seperated shoulder

when the ligaments are damaged around the AC joint (acromin process)

What's your rotator cuff?

it's not a single structure but all the bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments of the shoulder joint. Cartilage surrounds the fossa and when that needs repaired its whats commonly called a rotator cuff repair

What's spongey bone?

the inner part of the bone where the red marrow is found

What's the function of bones?

protection, structure/form, movement, support, produces blood and minerals, fat storage for energy, and flexbility

How many bones are there?

206 bones

What's the Axial skeleton

skull, vertebrae, thorax

How many cranial bones are there

8

What are fontanels?

soft spots in the skull

How many bones are in the cranium

8

Frontal bone

one bone towards the front of the skull (eyebrow line)

Parietal Bone

a bone forming the central side and upper back part of each side of the skull.

Temporal bones of cranium

middle lateral and portion of base of skull on the ear region. Contains the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process

What's the external auditory meatus?

ear canal

What's the mastoid process?

a bony projection off the base of the temporal bones

Occiptal Bones

back/bottom of the skull - contains the foramen magnum

What's the foramen magnum?

opening at the base of the skull

Sphenoid Bones

a bat-shaped bone located at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bones

ethmoid bones

Light spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities. Contains the cribriform plate

What's the cribriform plate?

the base plate of the ethmoid bones that contains small holes for the olfactory nerves which allows scents to travel through the nasal cavity to the bones so that the receptors can detect chemicals

What are sinuses?

air filled cavities in the skull that contain goblet cells

What's the sella turcica?

the wedge in the brain that holds the pitutary gland

How many facial bones are there

14

What are the facial bones

1 mandible, 2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, 5 nasal, 2 palatine

Mandible

the lower jaw (the only moveable facial bone)

Maxilla

the upper jaw with the anterior palate

zygomatic

cheekbones

Nasal

bridge of your nose

Palatine

posterior palate (roof of your mouth)

Lacrimal

meatus for tears

Vomer

forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

Hyoid

a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles. Only bone that doesn't connect to other bones

What's one way men and women's skulls are different?

Males have a more sloped skull and squared jawline with a different mastoid process

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

diphysis

shaft of a long bone

Humerus

• upper arm bone

• proximal epiphysis with a head that articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula -' ball and socket joint'

• Distal Epiphysis - anterior surface has a condyle interior and posterior surface has olecranon fossa

Condyle

Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

olecranon fossa

located on the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus superior to the trochlea and articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna

Right Humerus vs. Left Humerus Photo

Ulna

• Medial lower arm bone (pinky side up)

• Proximal epiphysis: olecranon process that fits in the fossa of the elbow

• Hinge joint

• Ulnar nerve --> funny bone

• Distal epiphysis is the wrist bone

Whats the scientific name for the funny bone?

Ulnar nerve

Radius

• lateral lower arm bone (thumb side)

• Proximal epiphysis has a circular head that allows rotation of the lower arm

• articluates humerus and ulna

• Interosseus Membrane: facilitates rotation

• Distal epiphysis of wrist bone

Interosseus membrane

membranous ligamental structure between the shafts of the ulna and radius bones for protection

Carpals

-"true wrist bones) eight on each hand

Abnormalities

• Carpal tunnel syndrome

• inflamation of tendons

carpal tunnel syndrome

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist

Metacarpals

• 5 hand bones

Phalanges

• 14 each hand, fingers and thumb

• opposable thumb

• very freely moving joints that can dislocate easily

Pelvic Girdle

-(3 bones fused together for stability)

• starts as cartilage then turns to bone as you age which affects felxability

Ilium

• hip bone; iliac crest

• Landmark for epidural between the lumbar vertebra (l3-L4)

iliac crest

upper margin of iliac bones

Ischium

"sitting bones" that are posterior

Pubic Bones

• Anterior portion of pelvis

pubic symphysis

the cartilaginous joint known that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

Men's Pubic arch

less than 90 degrees