PSYCH 101 Midterm

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal’s rewards and punishment

Skinner box

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word “emotional” should be changed to the word “cognitive.”

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

Clinical psychology

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ______.

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism

The process was highly subjective.

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

humanism

A negative correlation means ________

one variable decreases as the other increases

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the ________ variable.

independent

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as

case studies

What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation?

When two variables are positively correlated they move in the same direction together on a graph. When variables are negatively correlated, one variable decreases and another increases.

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

scientific method

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________

random group assignment; random sampling

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding

What is the role of skepticism in scientific research?

Skepticism is expected at all levels of research, from study design, to interpreting findings, to peer review, and to thinking about results that are published in scientific journals.

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.

Margaret Floy Washburn

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research archives of newspapers, magazines, and other media to see if there are reports on the topic.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

Studying the function of behavior in the world

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

This student of Wilhelm Wundt developed Wundt’s ideas into an area called structuralism, a field that focused on understanding the contents rather than the function of mental processes.

Edward Titchner

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology

industrustial-organizational

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible

her own conscious experience

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

Why are the five trait dimensions in the Five Factor model used to account for personality variation?

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism 

What three features are central to Carl Rogers’s client-centered therapy?

empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

 learning

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner’s work with “little Albert”?

It would be unethical by today’s research standards.

You are a big fan of your grandmother’s chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning

associative

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.

evolutionary

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?

lexicon

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

“Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences.” This is the foundation of the ________ model.

range of reaction

What kind of professional would be most qualified to administer an intelligence test?

A professional trained in psychology

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

logical–mathematical 

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn’t know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

the availability heuristic 

An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability.

70

hat is the confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________.

standardization

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

frontal

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

formal operational

What is an advanced directive?

A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants.

During Jean Piaget’s ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

sensorimotor

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant’s needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson’s developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust v. mistrust

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, “Look mommy, apples!” His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. -

accommodation

Carissa’s parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

esteem

The ________ complex is the part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory.

basolateral

Anasophia binges on chocolates, then makes herself vomit so that she won’t retain any of the calories she just ingested. When she is not doing this she regular abuses laxatives in the hope that she will not absorb calories and gain weight. Anasophia has a normal body size, but has a great fear of gaining weight. It would be a good idea for Anasophia to be evaluated to see if she is suffering from ________.

bulimia nervosa

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn?

after he has received some exciting news

The need for ________ might explain why we “friend” people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves.

affiliation

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Naomi believes that she can successfully complete law school.

Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Despite her drastically thin appearance, Mercy genuinely believes that she is overweight, often referring to herself as “fat.” Mercy probably suffers from ________.

anorexia nervosa

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?

babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

physiological

Which term describes a form of informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee?

mentoring

What is the favored term for human factors psychology in Europe?

ergonomics

What did the researchers, who identified the Hawthorne effect, see as evidence that employee performance was influenced by something other than the physical work conditions?

Any change in a variable, such as lighting levels, led to an improvement in productivity; this was true even when the change was negative, such as a return to poor lighting.

Lucia is optimistic about goal achievement, and she encourages her team to think critically and solve problems. She is also considerate of their needs. What type of leader is Lucia?

transformational

A police or FBI SWAT team handling a hostage situation exemplifies a ________ team.

tactical

What does research suggest about gender diversity and team productivity?

Gender-balanced teams performed better, as measured by sales and profits, than predominantly male teams.

Dr. Diop is the head of an academic department in a school whose teachers have all been told to teach from home for the next month. She gets them all to have weekly check-ins using web-conferencing software so that they can meet while they’re all at home. This is an example of a ________ team.

virtual

Ted conducts a study regarding how walking on a treadmill instead of sitting at a desk impacts worker productivity. Ted’s study is within the industrial–organizational specialty area of ________ psychology.

human factors

Which individual was one of the first psychologists to apply the science of the field to advertising, management, and personnel selection?

Walter Dill Scott

Dr. Smyth conducts research that examines how stress, disease, aWhich individual was one of the first psychologists to apply the science of the field to advertising, management, and personnel selection? nd disorders can impact individuals in the workplace. She is working in the area of ________ psychology.

occupational health

Which aspect of the definition of happiness gives the impression that it is a long-term state rather than a brief mood that we experience from time to time?

a feeling that ones’ life has meaning and value

Which dimension of the Type A behavior pattern is most predictive of heart disease?

anger/hostility

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives rather than focusing on pathology, faults and problems?

positive psychology

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person’s involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.

Biofeedback

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.

According to three separate surveys, administered in 1983, 2006, and 2009, which statement about the relationship between stress and sex is the most accurate?

Women report experiencing more stress than men.

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

chronic

Lydia is often described as having an easy, laid-back outlook on life. She tends to be very relaxed, is not particularly competitive, and rarely feels or demonstrates anger or hostility. Lydia exemplifies a Type ________ behavior pattern.

B

________ is/are the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

eustress

Nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day, and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. When a stranger asked, “do you work here,” she thought it was funny. The other customers’ assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _______.

similarity

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

Perception; sensation

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception.

temporal

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina.

cornea; pupil

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality, they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Muller-Lyer