clinical psych

psychological disorder

major disturbance in an individuals thinking, feelings, or behavior that reflects a problem in mental function

psychology student sydnrome

affliction that students in psychology major thin they might get the mental illness in which they’re studying

abnormal psychology

behavior that is atypical or uncommon; detrimental to an individual or those around

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four d’s: deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, dangerous

deviant

abnormal behaviors, etc.

distress

discomfort in emotions, etc.

dysfunctional

interfering with abilities on a daily routine

danger

to others, hostile; exception, not rule

clinical psychology

branch of psych specializing in research, assessment, diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders

psychologist

cant prescribe meds, therapist, trained in one or more branches of psychology

psychiatrist

can diagnose and treat peoples disorders; can prescribe meds

psychopathology

scientific study of mental disorders, including theoretical underpinnings, etiology, progression, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

medical/biological models

view abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by malfunctions parts of the organism, believe most effective treatments are biological

epigenetics

study of how your behaviors and enviro can cause changes that affect the way your genes work; includes genetics, chemical imbalances in brain, etc

DSM-5

manual that lists 541 diagnoses, most wideley used classification system; can change and evolve

critiques of DSM-5

expansion of diagnostic criteria may increase mentally ill people, may lead to too many people on meds that dont need to be

diagnostic labels

(+) helps health care progessionalss when communicating about therapy and causes

(-) once labeled, can change how professionals perceive someone and how patient views themself - self-fulfilling prophecy

ADHD

disorder marked by inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both

* difficult disorder to assess properly

insane

legal term referring to defendant’s ability to determine right from wrong when crime committed- not in dsm

neurodevelopmental disorders

groups of disabilities in the functioning of brain that emerge of birth or during early childhood and affect indiv’s behavior, memory, concentration / ability to leaarn

autism spectrum disorder

disorder with extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities

level 1: high functioning autism

needs support and patients social and communication and repetitive behaviors only noticeable without support

level 2: autism

needs substantial support and patients social and communication skills and repetitive behaviors are still obvious to casual observer

level 3: severe autissm

needs substantial support, patients social and communication skills and repetitive behaviors severely impair daily life

intellectual disability

disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average, iq below 70

neurocognitive disorderss

group of disorders in which primary problem is in cognitive function, impairments in cognitive abilities such as memory, problem solving, and perception

anxiety disorders

anxiety is primary system or cause of other symptoms for all disorders; most common mental disorder; people with this disorder typically experience another as well

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

experience excessive anxiety under most cicrumstances and worry about lots; “free floating anxiety” feeling

* no trigger, little relief

panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

* can be physically painful
* no trigger, can last few mins to hourss

specific phobias

intense, irrational fear responses to specific stimuli; typically state of panic when confronted

social anxiety disorder

chronic mental health condition in whic social interactions cause irrational anxiety

OCD

compound disorder of thought and behavior; has obsessions and compulsions; obsessive thought → anxiety → compulsion → temporary relief

obsessions

persistent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts that an individual cnanot get out of mind

compulsions

ritualistic behaviors performed repeatedly

PTSD

result of some trauma experience by victim; re-experience traumaatic event in nightmares or flashbacks

conditioning

anxious people are hypersensitive to possible threats and stimulus generalization + reinforcement helps maintain anxiety

cognition

past experiences shape our expectations and influence our reactions

* people with anxiety are hypervigilant and see small things as total loss of control

genes

can influence disorders by regulating neurotransmitterss, “anxiety genes” affect brain levels of serotonin, influences sleep and mood etc

* regulates glutamate- too much → alarm centers overactive

the brain

brains scans of ppl with ptsd show high acitvity in amygdala when showed traumatic images

* scans of OCD show inc activity in anterior cingulate cortex in brain frontal

natural selecton

phobias focus on dangers faced by ancestors, compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors for species survival

major depressive disorder

involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in acitvities, loss of energy, problems making decisions for at least two weeks

bipolar disorder

mod swings alternating between periods of major depression and mania

raid cycling

short periods of mania followed almost immediately by deep depression, usually for longer

genetic influences

both depression and biplar runs through family,. inc chance if parent or sibling have it

depressed brain

diminished brain activity during depression, higher during manic

* depressed peoples frontal lobes smaller

nutritional effectss on depression

people who eat hart healthy foods have lower risk of heart disease and depression

* alcohol associated with depression

learned helplessness

giving up on trying to remove yourself from negqative situation because perception there is no way out

depression vicious cycle

depression symptoms -→ brooding and rejection → more negative feelings

suicide ALGEE

a - assess for risk of suicide or harm

l - listen non judgementally

g - give reassurance and info

e - encourage appropriate professional help

e - encourage self-help and other support strategies

schizophrenia

psychotic disorer in which personal social and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotionss

* “split mind” from reality
* schizophrenia spectrum disorders

schizo positive symptoms

characteristics of schizo that are added toa person’s personality, like hallucinations, inappropriate actions emotionss

schizo negative symptoms

characterisitcs taken away from a person’s epersonality - things that the individual does not do

* can be misinterpreeted as depression or laziness

schizophrenia hallucinations

percieving stimuli no one else can, vividly real to person experiencing it, usually negative

* mostly voices, things that aarent there

disorganized speech/thinking

combining thoughts from one thought to another “word salad”

* rapidly shift from one topic to another, beleiving it makes sense

inappropriate emotions

emotions are unsuited to the ssituations

* may be merely response to other features of disorder

schizo delusions

bizarre or far fetched that are unchanging even after being proven incorrect

delusions of reference

hidden messages - regular events have a larger meaning than they actually do

delusions of grandeur

false attribution to self of great ability, knowledge, improtance or worth, etc

delusions of persecution

false convition that others are threatening or conspiring against them

catatonia

pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing

stupor

state of unresponsiveness and impaired consciousness, immobile

rigidity

stiffness or inflexibility, particularly muscular rigidity

posturing

assumption of a bizarre or inappropriate body position or attitude for an extended period of time

flat affect

negative symptom of schizophrenia, meaning your emotional expressions dont show; speaking in dull voice and unchanging face

chronic schizophrenia

form of schizo in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence/ early adulthood; as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery period shortens

acute schizophrenia1

schizo form that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to trauma, has extended recovery periods

brain abnormalities

schizo causes - genetics enviro neurbiology and stress contribute

* no exact cause known
* neurotransmitter dopamine can be responsible, high levels of dope leads to inc schizo symptoms

genetic fctors of schizo

strong gentic link to family members

* people with twin with schizo have 40% higher chance of getting it

dissociative disorders

psycholgical disorders thaat invoke a sudden loss of memory or change in identitiy

* if extremely stressed, and indiv can experience separation of conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory for a traumatic event or time that is too painful to remember

dissociative fugue

extreme amnesia, forget about personal idenitties and details of past life, flee to new location

dissocitive identity disorder (DID)

rare emntal disorder - two distinct and enduring personalities state that recurrently control a person’s behavior

* impairs social functioning etc, no anxiety depression or delussions

paranoid personlality disorder

cluster A - condition marked by distrust of others without reason to be

schizoid personality disorder

cluster A - awkward, lack of interest in social relaationships, solitary lifestyle

schizotypal personality disorder

cluster A - marker by consistent pattern of intessnse discomfort with realtionships and social interactionss

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

cluster B - general pattern of disregard for and violation of other ppl’s rights (criminal behaviors)

* used to be sociopaths and psychopaths

borderline personality disorder

cluster b - condition impacting persons ability to regulate their emotions, increases impulsivity and affects relationship

histrionic personality disorder

cluster b - condition marked y unstable emotions, distorted self-image, and desire to do anything to gain attention

narcissistic personality disorder

cluster b - condition people have inflated sense of importance, deep need for attention and admiration, lack of empathy

avoidant personality disorder

cluster c - disorder with feelings of social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to criticism

dependent personality disorder

cluster c - anxious personality - feel helpless, submissivve, unable to take care of themself, trouble making simple decisions

eating disorders

mental disorder of aabnormal eating

* may be insuffcient or excessive food; lead to poor health

anorexia

eating disorder relating to fear of gaining weight, body dysmprphioa

bulimia

recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as purging

binge

eating large amount of food ina short amount of time

purging

self induced vommitting, laxatives, fassting, excessive excersiise

binge eating disorder

uncontrollable eating large amount of fod and will not purge, feel guilt

* may be soothing in emotional distress, social isolation, etc

public stigma

negative attitudess others have about mental illnesss

self-stigma

negative attitudes including internalized shame, people wwith emntal illness have about own condition

institutional stigma

systems policies of govt and orgs that limit opportunities for people with mental illness

trephining

drilling holes in brains to release demonic spirits

phillipe pinel

father of modern clinical psychiatry, developing humane custody and care of psychiatric patients - moral therapy

dorothea dixx

advocate on behalf of mentally ill, through lobbying , established first gen american asylums

psychotherpay

psychologist or other trained professional working with an individual or group to id a problem and develop solutionsq

biomedical therapy

prescribed medss or procedures that act directly on person;’s physiology

eclectic approach

broad-based approach, trusting a combo of establisshed approaches to diagnosse and treat individuals w psycholigical disorders

psycholanalyssis

prmary focus of therapy is to uncover unconscious content of clientss psyche to alleviate psychic tension, finding root of problem

free association

client spontaneously reports thoughtss, feelings, mental images that come to mind

* clues t o uncover unconscious

resistence

patient’s conscious/unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, experiences

transference

process where patient projects or tranfers unresolved conflictss and feelings onto therapist

psychodynamic therapy

evolved from Freud, human behavior and dysfunctional are largely influences y unconscious (neo-freudians)