NUR 305 Exam One

Pathophysiology

disorder physiological process of disease/injury

Homeostasis

body's regulation/balance of normalcy

Compensatory mechanisms

Body's ways to compensate for abnormality

Negative feedback systems

original stimulus is negated

Positive feedback systems

original stimulus is promoted rather than negated

Epidemiology

study of diseases (incidence, distribution, possible control)

Etiology

study of causation of disease/condition

Idiopathic

spontaneous onset of unknown origins

Intrinsic

originated inside an organism or cell

Extrinsic

originated outside an organism or cell

Pathogenesis

development of a disease

Clinical manifestations

physical result of some types of illness/infection (signs, symptoms, stages)

Signs

something the nurse can observe

Symptoms

something the patient describes to the nurse

Acute

sudden onset of pain/condition

Chronic

Persistent pain over time

Primary level of prevention

before a person has it

Example of primary prevention

vaccination

Secondly level of prevention

before diagnosis, but after development

Example of secondary prevention

routine screening

Tertiary level of prevention

disease management

Example of tertiary prevention

treatment

Simple diffusion

solutes pass through concentration gradient across semipermeable membrane

Facilitated diffusion

type of passive transport / uses specialized proteins to take molecules across cell membrane

Active transport

energy driven process where membrane proteins transport molecule across cells

Vesicular transport

molecular traffic between variety of specific membrane-enclosed compartments

Osmosis

movement of water molecules from high to low concentration through permeable membrane

Membrane potential

positive ions attracted to negative, vice versa, forces ions to passively move one direction

Sodium-potassium pump

maintains resting electrical potential across cell membranes / 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

Areas of the body containing smooth muscle

Cardiovascular, lungs, GI, urinary "hollow organs"

Why is smooth muscle important in the cardiovascular system?

Maintain blood pressure and flow

Why is smooth muscle important in the lungs

Opens and closes airways

Why is smooth muscle important in the GI system

Motility and nutrition collection

Why is smooth muscle important in the urinary system

Flow of waste

Atrophy

decrease in size of muscle / wasted away

Hypertrophy

increase in size and number of muscle cells

Hyperplasia

increase in reproduction of cells, resulting in organ enlargement

Metaplasia

abnormal cell in tissue, precedes cancer development

Intracellular accumulations

stressed cells fill with unused foods, abnormals proteins, pigments, calcium deposits

Pathological calcifications

accumulated calcium plaque

Pathological calcifications (dystrophic)

dead/degenerative tissue/scarred despite normal levels of serum phosphate and calcium

Pathological calcifications (metastatic)

normal tissue, common in renal failure cases

Reversible cell injury

can heal if cell regains homeostasis and return to normal state

Apoptosis

programmed cell death / cell becomes non-functional

Necrosis

tissue death

Caseous necrosis description

firm and opaque

Caseous necrosis clinical example

transparent proteins

Liquefactive necrosis description

walled off / liquid goo

Liquefactive necrosis clinical example

brain and tissues

Coagulative necrosis description

"cased" off / cheese globules

Coagulative necrosis clinical example

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Fatty necrosis description

opaque, chalky, soapy

Fatty necrosis clinical example

breast and pancreas

Cellular aging

continued damage to cell, result of expression of predetermined information within genetic structure

(Cell injury) Physical agents

mechanical force, electrical force, extreme temperature

(Cell injury) Radiation

chemotherapy

(Cell injury) Chemical

too much/little glucose, salt, oxygen, etc.

(Cell injury) Biologic

viruses/bacteria

(Cell injury) Nutritional deficits

deficiencies or imbalances of nutrients

(Cell injury) Free radicals

generated by things like smoking and other toxins that cause mutations

(Cell injury) Hypoxic

inadequate flow of oxygen and nutrients to cell

Example of autosomal dominant disorder

Marfan syndrome and neurogenic tumors

Example of autosomal recessive disorder

Phenylketonuria and cystic fibrosis

Example of X-linked disorder

fragile X syndrome / sex-linked disorders

Triplet repeat mutation - fragile X syndrome

lack of protein necessary for neural tube development

Aneuploidy

abnormal number of haploid chromosomes

Marfan syndrome

cardiovascular disorders and aneurisms, joint pain and arthritis, poor eyesight

Down syndrome

congenital heart defects, ocular issues, leukemia, respiratory complications

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

neurological decline dietary restrictions

Cystic Fibrosis

mucous secretions (thick)

Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)

urinary/kidney complications, high BP

Neurofibromatosis

lumps on or under skin; type one- disfigurement, type two- tumors on acoustic nerve

Huntington's Chorea

abnormal body movements or posture, behavioral problems

Sickle Cell disease

swelling of hands/feet, periods of intense pain

Sickle cell trait

abnormal hemoglobin levels, benign condition

Tay-sachs

missed infant milestone, seizures, muscular rigidity, blindness

Turner's syndrome

manifestations and signs like short stature, increased weight, neck webbing, other appearances

Klinefelter's syndrome

small testes/penis, tall stature, increased weight, sparse body hair, behavioral learning problems, pulmonary disease, varicose veins, osteoporosis

Routine screening test for colon cancer

colonoscopy

Routine screening test for breast cancer

mammogram

Routine screening test for prostate cancer

prostate exam

Hypovolemia

fluid deficit

Hemoconcentration

more RBC and solutes are measured due to less fluid, compensatory mechanism for hypovolemia

Hypervolemia

fluid excess

Release of hormones and urination/feces

compensatory mechanism for hypervolemia

Interstitial fluid

between the cells

Intravascular

inside the blood vessels

Transcellular fluid

peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities, joint spaces, lymph system, eyes, GI tract, CSF

Where is most body body's water located?

Inside the cell (about 2/3)

Potassium, magnesium, phosphates, proteins

intracellular fluid is rich in

Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

extracellular fluid is rich in

Osmosis

movement of water

Diffusion

movement of all other molecules

Oncotic pressure

exerted by solutes in the cell, pull fluid INTO cell

Osmotic pressure

movement of water out of or into a cell

Hydrostatic pressure

"pushing" force of fluid in the blood vessels

Capillary oncotic pressure

"pulls" fluid back into capillaries, fluid drawn by solutes

Isotonic

same tonicity, normal RBC, 0.9% NaCl

Hypotonic

lower tonicity outside the cell, swollen RBC, 0.45% NaCl

Hypertonic

higher tonicity outside the cell, shrunken RBC, 3% NaCl