AP Human Geography Unit 1-3 Vocab Words

World Systems Theory

The theory that countries do not exist in isolation but are part of an intertwined system in which countries are dependent on other countries. (all countries depend on each other, they aren't alone in the world)

MDC(More Developed Country)/Core Country

Countries where economic power is concentrated that control and benefit from the global market on which periphery and semi-periphery countries depend (countries that are well developed and have a lot of economic power. other countries benefit from them)

Developing Country/Semi-Periphery Country

Countries that are industrializing that exert more power in the world economy than the periphery, but are dominated to some degree by the core. (countries that are more developed than the periphery, but aren't as developed as the core)

LDC(Less Developed Country)/Periphery Country

Countries with low levels of economic productivity and a disproportionately small share of the world's wealth with weaker state institutions, lower standards of living and are often dependent on the core. (countries that are not very developed and don't have much economic power. they depend on the core countries.)

BRICS Countries

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa. Countries who have an emerging economy.

Primary Sector

Economic activity that involves extracting or harvesting products

Secondary Sector

Economic activity that processes raw materials and transforms them into finished goods

Tertiary Sector

Economic activity that provides services

HDI (Human Development Index)

Combination of the GNI per capita (gross national income), life expectancy, expected years of schooling, and average years of schooling. Each country gets a score, the higher the score, the more developed the country is.

Thomas Malthus

He argued that the size and growth of a population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods AND when there is an insufficient supply of food, people die

Neo-Malthusians

A modern take on Malthus theory: as populations continue to grow, depletion of nonrenewable resources and increased pollution will endanger water and food resources, leading to a population catastrophe

Carrying Capacity

The number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources

Overpopulation

When a population would grow faster than food production, and the population becomes too large to be supported

Language Tree

Something that shows the relationship between language families, because it suggests how several languages are related to each other, as well as how one language grows out of another

Language Family

A group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin

Dialect

A variant of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines. Example: differences in vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace

Endangered Language

A language that is likely to become extinct in the future in an area. This could be due to its speakers dying/leaving, or transition to another language

Official Language

A language that is designated by law to be the language of the government

Isogloss

Boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word uses. Example: Coke/Pop/Soda

Lingua Franca

A language mutually understood by people who speak different languages, usually for the purpose of trade

Creolization

The blending of European, Amerindian, and African cultures in the New World as a result of colonialism to create something new

Gender

Social and cultural differences between males and females (not biological differences)

Gender Roles

Learned behaviors that are deemed appropriate to gender as determined by cultural norms

GII/Gender Inequality Index

A composite measure of several factors indicating gender disparity. Includes reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.

Examples - Switzerland's GII is 0.025. Meaning Switzerland only lost 2.5% of its potential human development as a result of gender inequality. Yemen's GII is 0.795. Meaning it lost 79.5% of its potential development due to gender inequality.

Gendered Spaces

Areas in which gender expression is either welcome or unwelcome

Examples - Muslin society: public space (employment, politics) belongs to men and private space (home) belongs to women | U.S Society: public restrooms divided by gender

Cultural Divergence

The tendency for cultural groups to dissociate from others in order to protect or preserve their culture

Cultural Convergence

Cultures become more alike as their interactions increase

Acculturation

Process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group, but still retain some original uniqueness; often occurs as a result of colonization or immigration

Syncretism

Development of a new cultural trait as a result of the blending of two distinct but interacting cultures

Assimilation

Process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group and cannot be distinguished from anyone else

Multiculturalism

Maintaining a diversity of ethnic cultures within a community that are valued and respected for their unique differences (ex. New York: China Town, Little Italy, Harlem)

Cultural Relativism

The idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture based on the values of one's own culture (language, religion, customs)

Local Culture

The experience of everyday life in specific, identifiable locations. Reflects ordinary people's activities, feelings and ideas.

Global Culture

A set of shared experiences, norms, symbols and ideas that unite people at the global level

Non

material Culture -Social roles, concept of beauty, ethics, beliefs, language, education systems, government/law systems

Material Culture

physical evidence of culture (clothing, food, literature/art, houses/public buildings)

Cultural Hearth

The source of civilization; place where a civilization began their ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas

Indigenous (folk) Culture

Culture traits of usually small, traditional, homogenous, rural communities

Cultural Trait

A single attribute of a culture, such as food preferences, architecture, and land use

Artifact

What makes up material culture, things with a physical form (clothing, food, etc.)

Mentifact

What makes up non-material culture, things without a physical form (beliefs, values, etc.)

Cultural Landscape

The combination of physical features, agriculture and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characters, sequent occupancy, traditional and postmodern architecture, and land use patterns.

Sequent Occupance

The combined imprint on an area when it has been inhabited by a succession of cultures

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1. Every migration flow generates a return migration flow 2. Most migrants move a short distance

3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations

4. Most migrants are from rural areas

5. Migration is caused mostly by economic reasons.

Migration Transition Model

A model that explains the type of migration that occurs in each stage of the Demographic Transition Model stages

International Migration

Migration across national boundaries

Internal Migration

Migration within national boundaries

Remittances

Money sent to an immigrant's family and friends in the country they left.

Guest Workers

A person with temporary permission to work in another country

Refugee

Individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution

Brain Drain

The migration of talented people out of a country

Asylum

Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns.

Repatriation

The process of refugees returning to their country of origin

Internally Displaced Person

Individuals who leave their home due to conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes,but do not leave their country to seek safety

Migration

The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.

Emigration

When people migrate away from somewhere

Immigration

When people migrate across an international border with the intention of staying permanently

Push Factor

Characteristics that make a person want to leave a place

Pull Factor

Characteristics that attract a person to a place

Net Migration

The amount of immigrants minus the amount of emigrants. It helps indicate how much of their population grew from migration. Includes citizens and non-citizens

Intervening Obstacle

An even or obstacle that discourages people from migrating

Intervening Opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminished the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Chain Migration

Immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination

Voluntary Migration

An individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-pull factors

Forced Migration

An individual migrates against his/her will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers

Step Migration

Migration to distant destination that occurs in stages (steps)

Lee's Model of Migration

The process of push and pull factors creating a migration stream from one place to another which can be influenced by intervening obstacles and opportunities

Population Policies

Policies set to somehow influence the population of a place

Pro-natalist Population policies

Policies that provide incentives for women to HAVE children. Typically in countries with declining populations: Japan, Germany, Italy

Anti-Natalist Population Policies

Policies that encourage couples to LIMIT the number of children they have. Ex: China (one child policy), Iran (family planning)

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model that shows the increase in population due to medical innovation (modern medicine) causing a decrease in death rate

Political Map

Reference map that shows political boundaries

Physical Map

Reference map that shows identifiable natural landmarks such as mountains, rivers, oceans, and elevation

Choropleth Map

Thematic map that uses shading or coloring to show statistical data

Dot Distribution/Density Map

Thematic map that uses dots to indicate a feature or occurrence

Graduated Symbol Map

Thematic map that indicates relative magnitude of some value for a geographic region in which the symbol varies in proportion to data

Isoline/Isometric Map

Uses lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space

Cartogram

Thematic map that shows statistical data by transforming space

Quantitative Data

Data expressing a certain quantity, amount or range

Qualitative Data

Information that cannot be counted, measured or easily expressed using numbers

Remote Sensing

Gathers information from satellites that orbit the earth or other craft above the atmosphere

Aerial Photography

Professional images captured from planes within the atmosphere. Important source of observed data available today

Census Data

Data collected at regular intervals using methodologies such as total counts, sample surveys, and administrative records. (Example: The amount of physicians per thousand people)

Fieldwork

Observing and recording information on location or in the field

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Using locations of multiple satellites to determine and record a receiver's exact location on earth's surface

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Computer systems that can store, analyze, and display information from multiple digital maps or geospatial data sets

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the relationship between population and the development of a country and can be used to explain population change over time

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

When the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero

Replacement Fertility

When the population's fertility is just high enough to maintain its current population

Demographic Momentum

When population growth continues despite rapid decrease in fertility rates because of a high concentration of people in their childbearing years

Doubling Time

The length of time for a population to double in size

Population Pyramid

A visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex, as well as a good indication of the dependency ratio within a country. Used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods/services.