Chem unit 2 overview

Metal+nonmetal rule

-ide

Nonmetal+nonmetal rule

Number prefixes+-ide

Number prefix: 1

Mono-

Number prefix: 2

Di-

Number prefix: 3

Tri-

Number prefix: 4

Tetra-

Number prefix: 5

Penta-

Number prefix: 6

Hexa-

Number prefix: 7

Hepta-

Number prefix: 8

Octa-

Number prefix: 9

Nona-

Number prefix: 10

Deca-

Binary acid rule

Hydro-stem-ic acid

Oxy acid rule

-ate→-ic acid, -ite→-ous acid

acetate

C₂H₃O₂^-

hypochlorite

ClO^-

chlorite

ClO₂^-

chlorate

ClO₃^-

perchlorate

ClO₄^-

cyanide

CN^-

bicarbonate

HCO₃^-

hydroxide

OH^-

nitrite

NO₂^-

nitrate

NO₃^-

permanganate

MnO₄^-

carbonate

CO₃^2-

sulfite

SO₃^2-

sulfate

SO₄^2-

phosphite

PO₃^3-

phosphate

PO₄^3-

ammonium

NH₄⁺

Hybridization

 A mathematical procedure in which standard atomic orbitals are combined to form new, hybrid orbitals

Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond between two atoms with significantly different electronegativities.

Lone pair

The electrons that are not shared in the bonds in a molecule.

Pi bond

The bond that forms between two p orbitals that overlap side to side

Resonance

 Occurs when a molecule can have more than one Lewis structure.

Valence bond theory

Theory that states that chemical bonds result from an overlap of atomic and hybrid orbitals.

Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself in a covalent bond.

VSEPR theory

 Theory that allows prediction of the shapes of molecules.

Formal charge

 The charge that an atom in a Lewis structure would have if all of the bonding electrons were shared equally between the bonded atoms.

Oxoanion

 A negatively charged ion containing an oxygen atom.

Diamagnetic

 The state of a molecule that contains only paired electrons and is repelled by a magnet.

Paramagnetic

The state of a molecule that contains unpaired electrons and is attracted by a magnet

The bond order

The number of electrons in bonding orbitals minus the number of electrons in nonbonding orbitals divided by two.

Covalent bond?

The resulting bond that forms between a combination of any two s, p or hybridized orbitals.

Polyatomic ion

An ion that contains more than two types of atoms.

Non-polar covalent bond

A covalent bond between two atoms with similar electronegativities.

LiNO2

Lithium nitrite

MgF2

Magnesium fluoride

Icl3

Iodine trichloride

HIO2

Iodious acid

FeCrO4

Iron (II) chromate

Sodium cyanide

NaCN

Hydronitric acid

H3N

Aluminum hypochlorite

Al(ClO)3

Diphosphorus tetraflouride

P2F4

Zinc bromide

Zn(Br)2

To form a set of sp3d hybrid orbitals, how many pure atomic orbitals must be mixed?

One s, three p, and one d

Are H2, CCl4, CH4, and CO2 polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar

What is the molecular geometry around an atom that is sp hybridized, has two sigma bonds, two pi bonds, and no lone pairs?

Linear

Which compound is most polar: HF, CF4, H2O, or NH3?

HF

Which has the largest radius: B, Sr, F, Be, Ca?

Sr

The formula for ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) is an example of a(n)?

Condensed formula

Mg atom configuration?

1s²2s²2p(^6)3s²

How many valence electrons does Mg have?

2

How many core electrons does Mg have?

10

What is Mg’s ion?

Mg(2+)

Mg ion configuration?

1s²2s²2p^6

S atom configuration?

1s²2s²2p(^6)3s²3p(^4)

How many valence electrons does S have?

6

How many core electrons does S have?

10

Draw resonance structures (formal charge too) and Lewis dot configurations (polar and net dipoles)

:)

Study electron pair geometry, electron geometry, hybridization, and bond angle

:)

Sigma bonds

They are formed by head-on overlapping between atomic orbitals

Empirical formula

Lowest ratio possible

Structural formula

Lined version of Lewis dot

Molecular formula

Regular written version of an element

Acetate

C2H3O2-

Carbonate

CO3-2

Bicarbonate

HCO3-

Hydroxide

OH-

Nitrite

NO2-

Nitrate

NO3-

Chromate

CrO4-2

Dichromate

Cr2O7-2

Phosphate

PO4-3

Hydrogen Phosphate

HPO4-2

Dihydrogen Phosphate

H2PO4-

Ammonium

NH4+

Hypochlorite

ClO-

Chlorite

ClO2-

Chlorate

ClO3-

Perchlorate

ClO4-

Permanganate

MnO4-

Sulfite

SO3-2

Hydrogen Sulfite (bisulfite)

HSO3-

Sulfate

SO4-2

Hydrogen Sulfate (bisulfate)

HSO4-

Cyanide

CN-

O2-2

Peroxide