Final exam Bio 210

Anatomy

Study of structure & form

Physiology

Study of function of the body parts

Microscopic anatomy

Examine structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye

Cytology

Microscopic: Study of body cells & their structure

Histology

Microscopic: Study of tissues

Gross anatomy

Macroscopic anatomy: Investigates the structure & relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye, such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart & kidneys

Systemic anatomy

Studies the anatomy of each functional body system

Regional anatomy

Examines all the structures in a particular region in the body is complete unit

Surface anatomy

Focuses on the superficial anatomic markings in the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them

Comparative anatomy

Examine similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species

Embryology

Discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

Pathologic anatomy

Exam is all in the time it changes resulting from disease

Radiographic anatomy

Investigates the relationships among internal structures that may visualize by specific scanning procedures, such as sonography, MRI, or x-ray

Cardiovascular physiology

Examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessel, & blood

Neurophysiology

Examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system

Respiratory physiology

Studies how respirator gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lines in the blood

Reproductive physiology

Explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle & influence sex cell production & maturation

Pathophysiology

Investigates the relationship between functioning of an organ system & disease or injury to that organ system

Coronal plane

AKA frontal plane, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior & posterior part

Transverse plane

Divides the body organ into superior & inferior parts

Midsagittal plane

Vertical plane & divides the body organ into left & right halves

Sagittal plane

A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or right of the midsagittal plane

Cranial caivty

Formed by the bones of the cranium & houses the brain

Vertebral canal

Houses the spinal cord

Ventral cavity

Anteriorly placed cavity in the body

Mediastinum

Cavity that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, & major blood vessels that connect the heart

Serous membrane

Has 2 layers, parietal & visceral

* Secrete a liquid called serious fluid within a serous cavity

Pericardium

Serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Pleura

Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

Peritoneum

Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal abdominal external conditions

Receptor

Body structure that the text changes & a variable

Control center

structure that interprets & put from the receptor & initiates changes through the effectors

Effector

Structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

Negative feedback

Stimulus actions will always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus

Ex: Temperature regulation

Positive feedback

Stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs

Ex: Breast-feeding

What are the 3 forms of matter

Solid, liquid, gas

What are the three subatomic particles

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Four types of inorganic molecules

Water, salt, acids, bases

Salt

Sodium chloride

Acid

Carbonic acid

Base

Sodium hydroxide

Acid

Base

>7 pH

Neutral

7 pH scale

3 components of cell

Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

Passive processes

Do not require cellular energy expenditure

Ex: Diffusion & osmosis

Active processes

Require cells to expand energy, involves either a substance being pumped up its concentration gradient or the release of a membrane-bound vesicle.

Ex: Active transport & vesicular transport

5 membrane-bound organelle

ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

Non-membrane bound organelle’s

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosomes, proteosomes

Epithelial tissue

Tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.

Covers body & organs surfaces, lines body cavities & organ cavities, forms some glands

Connective tissue

Contains cells, protein fibers, & ground substance. Vines, support & protects other tissues & organs

Muscle tissue

Cells that maybe spindle-shaped, bridging, or cylindrical; contain myofilaments. Moves the skeleton or organ walls

Nervous tissue

Contains neurons & glial cells.

Transmit nerve impulses & processes information

Endocrine gland

Lacks ducts & secrete their products directly into the blood

Exocrine gland

Has ducts & delivers secretions to an apical or luminal

Merocine glands

Package there secretions into secretory vesicles & release the secretions by exocytosis

Ex: Lacrimal, salivary and some sweat glands

Apocrine glands

Secretion formed by secretary product pinching off & becoming the secretion

Ex: Mammary glands & ceruminous gland

7 functions of the integument

1. Protection

2. Prevention of water loss & gain

3. Metabolic regulation

4. Secretion & absorption

5. Immune function

6. Temperature regulation

7. Sensory reception

2 layers of the integument

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

5 layers of epidermis

1. Stratum basale

2. Stratum spinosum

3. Stratum granulosum

4. Stratum lucidum

5. Stratum corneum

Hemoglobin

Oxygen binding proteins present & red blood cells

Gives skin a reddish tint most easily seen in like the pigmented individuals

Melanin

Produced & stored in melanocytes & occurs in a variety of black, brown, tan & yellow brown shades

Carotene

Yellow orange pigment that is acquired from various yellow orange vegetables

Vitamin D

Important in regulating the levels of calcium & phosphate in the blood. Keratinocytes synthesize it when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Transported to liver where does converted to Calcidiol. Then transported to kidney, where it converted to calcitriol.

Long bones

Greater in length than width

Ex: Found in upper & lower limbs

Short bones

Length nearly equal to their width

Ex: Wrist bones & foot bones

Flat bones

Have a flat, thin surface that maybe slightly curved.

Ex: Roof of the skull, sternum, ribs

Irregular bones

Complex shapes & don’t fit into any of the preceding categories

Ex: Vertebrae, hip bones, skull bones

Diaphysis

Shaft of long bone

Medullary cavity

Hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis

Epiphysis

Expanded knobby region at each end of a long bone

Metaphysis

Region in a mature bone sandwiched b/w the diaphysis & epiphysis. Contains epiphyseal plate

Periosteum

A tough sheath that covers the outer surface of the bone except for the areas covered by articular cartilage

Endosteum

An incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal services of the bone within the medullary cavity

Dipole

Another name for spongy bone

Osteoprogenitor

Stem cells derived from messenchyme bone cell

Osteoblasts

Formed from osteoprogenitor cells. Immature bone cells, secrete osteoid

Osteoclasts

Large, multicellular, phagocytic cells. Derived from fused bone marrow cells. Involved in breaking down for bone resorption

Intramembranous ossification

Bone growth with in a membrane. Produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones, the mandible & the central part of the clavicle

Endochondral ossification

Begins with hyaline cartilage model & produces most bones of the skeleton

Interstital growth

Growth in length, dependent upon growth of cartilage within the epiphyseal plate

Appositional growth

Occurs within the periosteum, bone growth in diameter

Calcitonin

Secreted from thyroid gland, aids in regulating blood calcium levels, inhibits osteoclast activity

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Parathyroid hormone

Secreted by parathyroid gland in response to reduced blood calcium levels, increase osteoclast acitivity

Growth hormone

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland, affects bone growth by stimulating delivered to form insulin like growth factor

Those hormones directly stimulate growth of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate

Sex hormones

Stimulate osteoblast; promote epiphyseal plate growth enclosure

Fibrous joints

Has no joint cavity & united by fibrous connective tissue

Cartilaginous joint

Has new joint cavity & occurs where bones are joined by cartilage

Synovial joint

Has a fluid joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones

Gomphosis

Synarthrosis, periodontal membranes hold to tooth to bony jaw

Synarthrosis

An immobile joint

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly mobile joint

Diarthrosis

Freely mobile joint

Suture

Synarthrosis, dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones

Syndesmosis

Amphiarthrosis, dense regular connective tissue fibers b/w bones.

Ex: Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

Plane joint

Diarthrosis, flattened or slightly curved faces slide across one another

Ex: Intercarpal instertarsal

Hinge joint

Diarthrosis, convex feature of one bone fits into concave depression of another bone

Ex: Elbow & knee joint

Pivot joint

Diarthrosis, bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by ligament & another bone

Ex: Axial joint

Condylar joint

Diarthrosis, articular surface on one bone, depressed oval surface on another bone.

Ex: Metacarpophalangeal joint