history final

Colonial Era:

1689-1887

Salutary Neglect

Salutary neglect was an unwritten, unofficial policy of the British government in practice that allowed its North American colonies to be left largely on their own with little British interference.

Stamp Act

It was a law the enforced a tax on newspaper, playing cards, pamphlets, legal documents, calenders, and dice.

What problems did the stamp act cause

It raised the constitutional issue of if Parliament had the right to impose direct taxes on Americans if they had no representation in Parliament.

Who were the sons of liberty?

a group of patriots who protested British laws led by Samuel Adams and John Hancock
- Carried out the Boston tea party

Colonial Methods of Resistance
Boston Tea party

-Boston Tea Party
protest against increased tea prices in which colonists (dressed as indians) dumped british tea into boston harbor

Colonial Methods of Resistance
2nd Continental Congress

They established a Continental army and elected George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, but the delegates also drafted the Olive Branch Petition and sent it to King George III in hopes of reaching a peaceful resolution, however he denied it.

Colonial Methods of resistance
Common Sense Pamphlet

Common sense is a pamphlet that sold more than 100,000 copies. This denounced Kind George and made case for independence and helped push americans towards independence.

Ideas of the Declaration of independence

All men are created equal
Under certain circumstance people have a right to rebel against their government.
One purpose of government is to promote people's safety and happiness, life liberty, pursuit of happiness

How colonists won the revolution

The Siege of Yorktown marked the end of the war. Americans won because of
1. Guerrilla warfare + conventional warfare
2. Washington's leadership
3. French Aid
4. British miscalculations

What is the Treaty of Paris

Ended the war between great Britain and US.
1. Great Britain recognizes the independence of the United States.
2. Boundaries set at Mississippi River and Florida
3. Shipping on the Mississippi River is opened to both nations.
4. States decide whether to restore or withhold Loyalist's property.

Problems of the Articles of Confederation

1. Each state only had one vote in Congress, regardless of size.
2. Congress did not have the power to tax, only the states did.
3. Congress did not have the power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce.
4. There was no executive branch to enforce any acts passed by Congress

The Great Compromise

It was an idea for a bicameral legistlature.
3 branches- Legislative (Bicameral) One house based on population (House of Representatives), one based on equal representation (Senate, each state got two representatives).
- Executive
- Judicial

Washington through Jackson

Topic 2

Hamilton's beliefs and view of the Bank of the US

Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution and thus created the first bank. He cited the elastic clause.

Washingtons foreign policy

Washington's foreign policy was squarely focused on the United States remaining neutral in the affairs of foreign nations. (Declared neutrality when war between Britain and France broke out.

Growth of the Political parties

Denounced by George Washington as a grave danger that would divide the nation.
Two major parties that formed during this time were the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. Federalists wanted weaker state government and a strong centralized government. On the other hand, the Democratic-Republicans advocated for limited government power and emphasized states' rights.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

These were made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The Virginia Resolution declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and that measures should be taken by all states to retain their reserved powers.

The Kentucky Resolution asserted that states had the right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by the federal government. Nullification meant that states could declare federal laws void and unenforceable within their borders.

Importance of the Louisiana Purchase

It would double the size of the nation and allow for the idea of manifest destiny

Marbury v. Madison

Marbury was assigned a job by outgoing President Adams. It was approved by the senate and old secretary of state however when Madison came into office he withheld the commissions.

The court declared the Judiciary act of 1789 unconstitutional because it allowed Marbury to take his case all the way up to the supreme court without going to the lower courts first.

This was the first time the Supreme court declared an act on congress to be unconditional. It also established Judcial review: Supreme court has final authority on meaning and interpretation of the US constitution.

Jackson as President

Andrew Jackson negatively impacted the United States because he signed the indian removal act into law, and he got rid of the national bank.

Calhoun's Exposition and Protest

Calhouse believed a state had the right to question the legality of some federal laws and well as nullify them.
He believed that if the federal gov refused to let a state nullify a federal law, the state had the right to seceed.

Jackson's response to nullification crisis

He believed that the Union must be preserved and was against nullification.

Antebellum Era/ Pre Civil War

Topic 3

Industrial Revolution: where, "ingredients"

It started in England when water power was used to run machines, Slater memorized the blueprints and brought the machines to the US. it happen in the North.

Immigration: where

People immigration to NY and all the port cities of the North East. Most immigrants were Irish and German. Irish and German immigrations came to America to escape poor harvest and political turmoil

Reform movements-why so many?

These movements were caused in part by a renewal of religious faith in the early 1800s. Groups tried to reform many parts of American society (ie abolitionist movement and the women's rights movement). Also American businessmen wanted to impose moral discipline of Americans due to the increasing number or urban poor.

Erie Canal and canals in general

It connected Lake Erie with the Hudson River to ship goods directly to NYC.
The benefits included:
1. Connected western farmers with eastern markets
2. Lowered the cost of freight.

Womens rights movements and the seneca falls convention

Antislavery women demanded an equal voice in the abolitionist movement.
The seneca falls convention (In NYC) was the first convention for woman equality organized by stanton and Mott.

Horace Mann

- Promoted government funded education
.- Emphasized education will enhance self-discipline and good citizenship.

Temperance Movement

A campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. The woman tried to stop the men from drinking as it would be considered a sin.

Southerners of the era- lives and beliefs

King Cotton

Phrase frequently used by Southern politicians and authors indicating the economic and political importance of cotton production.

Slavery and Slave growth (due to cotton)

The demand for slave labor was increasing to increased cotton production.

Slave resistance

Slaves could try to run away using the underground railroad or by "following the drinking gourd." But if they were caught they would be beaten, flogged, and sometimes even killed.

Northerners and beliefs on slavery

Most northerners did not doubt that black people were inferior to whites, but they wanted slavery to end (used religion as reasoning).

Free Blacks

They were ex-slaves were either freed by their owners or escaped. The were considered free, but were still held under many restrictions and racial laws and found limited work. They had to carry freedom papers because of the presumption that all black people were slaves.

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada. Harriet Tubman was an important conductor as Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she lead more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the US had the RIGHT and DUTY to expand west. The idea of Manifest Destiny arose in response to the prospect of U.S. annexation of Texas and to a dispute with Britain over the Oregon Country.

Mexican government and Texas

When the attempt to promote Mexican immigration to Texas failed, they promoted US immigration to build up numbers against indians.
They offered huge grants of land in return they:
1) Must become Roman Catholic.
2) Obey all Mexico laws

Texas Independence and Annexation

Texas gained independence from Mexico, led by Stephen F. Austin. When Polk became President, he (the U.S) annexed Texas Republic.

Mexican war- causes and outcomes

James K. Polk had accused Mexican troops of having attacked Americans on U.S. soil, north of the Rio Grande. But Mexico claimed this land as its own territory and accused the American military of having invaded. This caused Congress to approve and war and in the end, it ended with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

- Mexico ceded 500,000 miles of land to the US.
- Recognized the Rio Grande River as the southern border of Texas.
- In return, the US paid Mexico $15 million.

Acquisition of Oregon

America wanted Oregon so made a deal with Britain which allowed them to get everything above the 49th parallel
"Fifty-four Forty or Fight!" was used in the dispute.

Wilmot Proviso

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Compromise of 1850- terms and outcomes

- Admission of California as a "free state,"
- Popular sovereignty will be used in Utah and New Mexico territories.
- Texas and New Mexico borders settled,
- Called for the abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC,
- Stronger federal enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act.

What was the outcome of the Compromise of 1850

Fugitive Slave Act was amended and slave trade was based in Washington DC

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Douglass proposed to spilt Nebrask Territory into Kansas and Nebraska which then left the decision of slavery up to the residents of each territory (popular sovereignty). The split led to Kansas being a slave state and Nebraska being a free state.

Outcome of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as "Bleeding Kansas," as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Ostend Manifesto

The Ostend Manifesto was a document written by American diplomats in Ostend, Belgium. The manifesto outlined a plan for the United States Government to acquire the island of Cuba at any cost.

Dred Scott

Scott sued his masters widow for his freedom on the grounds that the laws in Illinois and Wisconsin barred slavery. Roger Taney dismissed his case because of two things:
1) Black people are not citizens of the US and therefor can not sue.
2) His residence in the Wisconsin Territory did not make him a free man due to the Missouri Compromise. This was because he deemed the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional.

John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry

Brown and his followers captured the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry and waited for the slaves to rally to his banner. Colonel Robert E. Lee arrived and put a quick end to John Brown's Raid. he was sentenced to hang.

Republican Party Beliefs

No man can own another man- slavery must be abolished- all new states must be free

Constitutional Union Party

It consisted of conservative former Whigs, who wanted to avoid the slavery issue and refused to join either the Republican Party or the Democratic Party.

Lincoln view of Slavey

He was opposed to it.

Options facing Lincoln at Fort Sumter

1. evacuate it 2. resupply it (send troops)
Either way it was going to spark a war because either you look weak or cause more problems by resupplying

Civil War

Topic 4

Americans beliefs about the war at the start

They thought it would be easy and believed it would end quickly.

Advantages of both sides

Confederacy\= The South could produce all the food it needed, lacked railroads. The South also had a trained officers. Seven of the eight military colleges in the country were in the South.

Union: The North had a larger population than the South. The Union also had an industrial economy

First Battle of Bull Run

Union: McDowell
CSA: Johnston
Winner/why: South / The Union's untrained army was winning until a fresh regiment of Confederate troops arrived by train.

The Draft

Both sides (North and South) were in need of soldiers. Both sides instituted conscription ( the draft).
Lincoln called for 300,000 volunteers in 1862. Each Northern state had a quota to fill. If they did not meet it, they then forced/pressed men into service. Tensions among military officials and the public sparked violent protests in several states. (hence the Draft riot).

Battle of Shiloh

Even though the South was winning on day 1 of the battle, the loss of Confederate commander Johnston, set the South to failure. The South thought the North would draw back since each side was tired and confused, but instead the North unexpectedly attacked and won. Was a two day battle. Bloodiest battle.

Importance of the rifle

could reload faster, could shoot farther and faster

Role of women

North: Women made up a large portion of the workforce. Many got involved in Soldiers Aid societies and many became nurses for the newly formed American Red Cross.
South: Women were managing everything from business to farming.

Major Victories for Confederacy

1st and 2nd Battles of Bull Run
Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville
Seven Day Battle

Grants Strategy

wear down the Confederacy by constantly engaging Lee's confederate army.

Battle of Gettysburg

Day 1: Confederates heard there was a supply of footwear in the town. Accidentally came across a Union cavalry. Union took defensive positions, shooting began and both sides sent for reinforcements.
Day 2:
Union needed to hold their position on Cemetery Ridge. Chamberlain led his 20th of Maine regiment to defend Little Round Top from the Rebels. They were able to hold the line against repeated Confederate attacks.When his soldiers ran short of ammunition, Chamberlain ordered a bayonet charge.The Rebels were shocked by the Union assault and surrendered in droves/herds.
Day 3:
Lee ordered his army to attack the center of the Union line first with artillery and then an infantry charge.
They lost and Lee lost any hopes of invading North.

Emacipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln that declared all slaves in areas of rebellion free.

Election of 1864

Lincoln wins re-election and defeats former terrible Union General George McClellan.

Why the South lost

because Grant used his strategy of total warfare and they did not have enough men or supplies

Appatomax Court House

Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in the civil war.

Reconstruction

Topic 5

Status of the South after the war and Lincolns views

The status of the south was poor and Lincoln planned to restore the Union through his 10% plan:
1) Pardon all Southerners
2) take a solemn oath to support the US Constitution
3) abolish slavery in their states

Congresses role after the war

Congress was controlled by republicans and they wanted to punish south so they were very strict on reconstruction.

Freedmen's reaction to freedom

Wanted land, education, and rights
Moved to the North. Black codes limited their rights.

Black codes

Limited the freedom of blacks, could not vote, could not marry white women, restricted to agricultural or domestic service jobs.

Klu Klux Klan

Old confederates began a secret army.Traveled the countryside flogging, maiming, and sometimes killing blacks who tried to vote or presumed to be the white mans equal

14th amendment

This is how republican respond to the black codes

Stated that no state could "deprive any person of life liberty or property without due process of law.

Tenure of Office Act

Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees.

Impeachment of President Johnson

He violated the Tenure of Office Act by dismissing Sec of war, Edwin Stanton. The house voted 11 articles of impeachment against him. Johnson was tried by the senate and was acquitted by one vote.

Sharecropping/Tenant farming

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Election of 1868

Ulysses S. Grant wins.
Republican
The Norths war hero but knew nothing of politics.

Grant Administration

The civil war hero's presidency during reconstruction which was filled with many scandals due to the people he employed

"waving the bloody shirt"

This was a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

During Grants Presidency:
Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning high dividends. When it was found out that government officials were paid stay quiet about it, some officials were censured.

Jim Crow Laws/ Plessy v. Ferguson

The Court's "separate but equal" decision in Plessy v. Ferguson on that date upheld state-imposed Jim Crow laws.

Gilded Age

Topic 6

Why is it called the gilded age?

Its a term that refers to the shallow display of worship and wealth characteristics of that period.

Effects of era on agriculture and corporation

Agriculture: Falling prices and rising expenses left them in debt.

Corporation: Workers had to endure low wages and dangerous working conditions in order to make a living. Big business owners, however, enjoyed lavish lifestyles.

Effects of the rise of corporation

-stimulated growths of banks
-better technology
-more jobs
(a corporation can now outlive founders)

Vertical and horizontal integration

Vertical: Purchase of companies at all levels of production. Ex: meat industry
Horizontal: Purchase of competing companies in the same industry. Ex: Rockefeller Carnegie.

Working conditions and workers during the era

The working conditions during this era were poor. Workers had low salaries, long hours, and worked in poor conditions. Jobs were often dangerous.