HS 200 Bryce Lane Final

Term to describe how long a seed remains viable

longevity

Where do most trees absorbing roots grow?

at a depth of 12-18 inches in the soil

Easy method of vegetative propagation where you cut crowns with a knife or spade:

division

The process in which seed coats are compromised (broken) in order to break physical dormancy is termed:

scarification

One of the best ways to go "green" (be sustainable) in the garden is to

all the above
(water efficiently, compost, practice good bed prep and soil building, plant more plants)

The method of scarification that best treats numerous seeds that are quite small is

hot water treatment

Length of time it takes most air layers to form ample amounts of adventitious roots:

3 months

Seeds that germinate and grow normally are called

viable

Where is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault located?

Norway

What is proboscis?

an insects mouth

The single most limiting factor in rooting cuttings is:

reducing water loss

How do you break dormancy in temperate plant seeds that are double dormant?

scarify first, then stratify

The process where one stimulates an azalea branch to root before it is cut from the main plant is an example of

layering

Why would one want to use the method of layering?

works on plants that may have a difficult time rooting from cuttings

Your neighbor asks you why every time they cultivate the rows between their vegetable plants to control weeds, two weeks later they have more weeds to contend with than they had before. What do you tell them?

many seeds require exposure to light and the weed seeds below the soil were brought closer to the surface by cultivation

What do you call a group of plants all derived from the same individual and propagated exclusively by vegetative means?

clone

What is a mature flower ovary?

fruit

A major advantage to cloning is

limits genetic diversity

In addition to anchorage and supplying water the function of soil is to

a & b
(hold and provide oxygen, hold and provide mineral nutrients)

An ideal soil is

45% mineral, 5% organic, 25% water & 25% air

Soil texture is defined as:

the size of the mineral components in a soil

Cation exchange capacity is defined as:

ability of a soil to hold nutrients against the forces of leaching

Which soil texture is most chemically active and therefore able to be most fertile?

clay

I recently moved into a brand new home and I am excited about having a beautiful yard! The yard has a brand new turf lawn that was sodded and 3 large trees that were retained from the wooded lot. After only one year I am noticing that the trees have some dead branches (small but many) that keep falling on my car and the sod is struggling. Any idea about what could be the problem?

turf planted on a sub-soil where roots don't grow well, and soil compaction already declining trees

Hummingbirds are valuable pollinators. They are highly attracted to

red flowers high in nectar

Stem cuttings are stimulated to root when exposed to high light intensity, stuck in a warm, moist media and

maintained in a high relative humidity environment to decrease transpirational losses

"Rootone" is a material that can be applied to cuttings to help stimulate adventitious rooting. Rootone is a synthetic version of a naturally occurring plant hormone called

auxin

When referring to the petals of a flower collectively one uses the term

corolla

The female part of the flower is termed

pistil

A flower that has sepals, petals, and only stamen is most correctly termed

staminate

All incomplete flowers are imperfect

disagree

Dioecious plants have

staminate flowers on one plant and pistillate flowers on a different plant of the same species

Why is it so important to know if a plant is dioecious or not?

a & b
(it may have desirable fruit, it may have undesirable fruit)

The best way to determine what kind of soil profile you have is to

buy a soil probe and take a sample

It is so important to know that Illex verticullata, Winterberry is dioecious. Why?

because the females produce desirable red fruit

Do the male plants of the dioecious Ginkgo biloba produce flowers?

yes

The two flower parts that have direct sexual reproductive function are

stamen and pistils

Where does pollination occur in plants?

stigma

The method of scarifcation that best treats numerous seeds that are quite small is

hot water treatment

Roots won't grow very well at all in

sub-soil (B horizon)

Layering is a great way to stimulate rooting of many woody trees and shrubs such as gardenia. Why is it such a reliable method of cloning?

the part that is rooting can still get water and nutrition from the roots

Monoecious plants have

staminate flowers and pistillate flowers on the same plant

The best way to insure the survival of all kinds of plants, their varieties, and cultivars is to

maintain biodiversity by storing them in a facility called a seed bank

From which of the following plant organs can you take a cutting

all the above
(roots, stems, leaves)

My big yellow flowering hybrid rose bush I bought last spring successfully survived the winter and has been growing well the spring. By early summer it began to flower and amazingly the flowers are small and white! What happened?

the rose is grafted and the grafted portion died all the way to the union, leaving the stock which is a wild white flowering type

What do you call the condition where seeds germinate within a fruit?

vivipary

Stratification breaks what kind of dormancy?

physiological

Grafting is a very unique form of plant propagation. Why would you want to graft a plant, after all, it requires much skill and patience?

plant breeding often leads to plants that can't grow on their own roots, this method allows them to thrive

To increase the longevity of most seeds you should store them in which of the following conditions?

in the refrigerator (40F with 30-40% relative humidity)

Soil is

stuff (mineral and organic) plus space (air and water) that plants grow in

A prostrate, above ground stem that produces a plantlet at it's tip is correctly termed:

stolon

Stems differ from roots because that they possess \_______ and roots do not

nodes and internodes

Other than storage, transportation, and support, a fourth function of stems is

food production

I have a group of small spring flowering trees in my backyard and they have not flowered yet! I planted them 5 years ago and therefore they are old enough to flower. Why haven't they flowered yet?

they are planted under a grove of pines and not getting enough light to produce enough sugar to flower

How might I get the trees in the above question to flower and not eventually die?

cut down some of the pine trees that are shading them

Why do peaches have a better chance of suffering flower injury in NC than in upper NY state?

peaches have a short chilling hour requirement, resulting in flowers being at risk in NC when there is a warm spell in the early spring... this doesn't happen in NY

The environmental conditions that stimulate dormancy in temperate plants are

gradually decreasing temperatures and decreasing photoperiod

The term used to describe when the plant moves material from one place to another is

translocation

The products of respiration in plants are

CO2, H2O, and chemical energy

My uncle bought a red maple in Raleigh, May 2012 and brought it to Miami Florida to plant in his yard. What happened to the plant?

it grew, went dormant, and then died

The primary factor in regulating the rate of respiration is

temperature

Stomata are responsible for

regulating gas exchange (transpiration and CO2 absorption)

Stomata are located on the underside of leaves and number in the \_______ per square centimeter

thousands

The primary function of transpiration in plants is

b & c
(transportation system for materials, to maintain turgidity in the plant)

Which substances is/are absorbed by the root via osmosis

water

What is the most agreed upon theory for nutrient uptake by plant's roots called?

carrier molecule theory

If you found out that your friend had just over-fertilized their shrubs what would you tell them to do to avoid fertilizer burn?

water a lot around each shrub to dilute the high solute concentration in the soil and leach the salts

The substrate of the chemical reaction called photosynthesis is/are

chloroplasts

The ingredients of photosynthesis are

CO2 and H2O

What is "First Love's Kiss" for dormant temperate plants

a certain number of chilling hours (temps at or below 45 degrees F)

Other than storage, a major function of leaves is

food production

Stems that grow horizontally along the ground are termed

prostrate

Ginkgo biloba, Maidenhair tree has stunning yellow fall color, but no red coloration at all. Why?

its a genetic thing, Ginkgos can't produce red pigments no matter the conditions

The products of photosynthesis are

sugar and oxygen

If a plant is able to produce only a limited amount of sugar, what type of growth will be prioritized?

vegetative growth

How is water absorption in plants different from nutrient absorption?

nutrient absorption is an active process and water absorption is a passive process

Are all tap roots primary roots?

yes

An irish potato is a plant that produces a modified secondary root called a

irish potatoes are not roots, they are modified stems called tubers

What do you call the date beyond which the chance of frost greatly decreases?

first frost free date

Deciduous trees

lose all their leaves every fall

Herbaceous plants are primarily made up of

soft, tender and succulent

A biennial

grows vegetatively the first year and then grows reproductively the second year

What do you call the plants that come from animals that set seed, over-winter and germinate up the following year?

volunteer

Ah! You have received a bouquet of roses! You have re-cut the stems under water and are ready to place them in a vase filled with water and floral preservative, but alas, there is no floral preservative in the bouquet package. What could you mix with the water in the vase 50/50 to extend their post-harvest life?

sprite, seven-up, or sierra mist

An example of a sub-tropical plant would be:

lemon

Bamboo, snake plant, and ginger are three kinds of plants that produce modified stems called:

rhizomes

Photosynthetic super hero who fight arch-enemy "Dark Man"

photosynthesis man

Mineral nutrient that regulates stomatal opening and closing

potassium

Where is Venus Flytrap native?

Southeastern North Carolina and Northeastern South Carolina

Anthocyanin production in temperate deciduous tree leaves is highly dependent on what two factors?

accumulated sugars in the leaf and cool night temperatures

When is it recommended to plant tomatoes in Raleigh NC?

2-4 weeks after April 15th

A major function of roots is

anchorage

Where would be the best location in your garden to place a Japanese maple that has the ability to produce high concentrations of anthocyanins thus achieving the best fall color?

at the bottom of the slope in full sun

During the fall, why does chlorophyll fade, allowing other pigments to show through?

the formation of the abscission layer slows the movement of nutrition into the leaf reducing the chlorophyll that can be produced

Why is photosynthesis considered the most important process on earth?

because of the food that only plants can produce sustains life as we know it

What is so unique about the Venus Flytrap?

it has adapted modified leaves that capture insects in order to self-fertilize

Cultivars with variegated leaves and plants with multicolored leaves generally require \_______ than their species with dark green leaves

higher light intensities

A plant organ that arises from an abnormal place is called

adventitious

The first root to emerge from the stem is called

adventitious

What percent of water absorbed by the plant is used in the transpiration process?

99%