MidTerm Exam

Everything from the first lecture to the last lecture before the exam

What is the Gilded Age

* 1870-1900
* Rapid industrialization, labor pool swelled by immigration, and minimal government regulation allowed upperclassmen great wealth and good lives.

Industrialization

* Immigration of Italians to the US for the industry.
* Immigrated Italians came from southern Italy from Melan (the center of industry in Italy).

The Homestead Strike (1892)

* Industrial lockout and strike by workers who were fired


* Frick wants it to keep escalating
* Strikers defeated private security agents.
* The governor responded by sending in the National Guard to protect strikebreakers.
* Goal was no wage decrease.
* fight acts as reality for gilded age

Carnegie Steel

* Steel producing company by Andrew Carnegie.
* Henry Clay Frick is an important person.
* First billion-dollar company.

Standard Oil

* became the world’s biggest business
* American oil production, transportation, refining, and marketing company
* Founded mainly by Rockefeller
* made him the first billionaire

The Robber Barons (Andrew Carnegie, Henry Frick, John D. Rockefeller)

* Successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical.
* Made universities, halls, parks, libraries, etc. in their name.
* Robber Barons or captains of industry?

Social Darwinism

* Herbert Spencer believed the “survival of the fittest applying to humankind.”
* Says government should treat the poor by leaving them (unsympathetic because they don’t spend money wisely).
* Survival of the fittest possibly strengthens everyone/everything as a whole.
* Allows talented people to rise once they put the hard work (for everyone’s own good").

Monopolies

* Took over business in America.
* Bought out their competitors leaving consumers no choice but to buy their products.
* Used their money to buy government officials for their own gain.
* Sherman Antitrust act ends monopolies.

The People’s Party (Populists)

* created by populists
* becomes one of the most successful 3rd party
* fights great monopolies by combining the interests of farmers and favorers
* traditionalist repudiation of modernity and progress, modernizing tendency

William Jennings Bryan (Nebraska)

* Candidate for president 1896, 1900, and 1908
* Secretary of State under Wilson
* Comes into prominence in 1896 with the “cross of gold” speech.
* says that farmers, miners, and people with small stores are a part of the business world.
* also says that farms are important and are the foundation of everything else.
* Doesn’t win 1896 election because he wins the areas dominated by farmers, but not large population urban areas (McKinley wins).

What was the Transformation of the West?

* Changed the frontier into a new and growing part of the United States.
* Over the period of twenty-five years the land changed drastically.
* New technologies were created allowing the expansion of the United States to continue marching forward.

Grant’s Peace Policy

* removes corrupt Indian agents, who supervise reservations, and replace them with Christian missionaries, whom he deems morally superior
* Americans believed they could discard the Indians and take away their land, materials, and freedom
* Ulysses S. Grant

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Indian Boarding Schools

* primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into **European** American culture
* 1879-1891

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Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

* June 25-26, 1876
* fought along the ridges, steep bluffs, and ravines of the Little Bighorn River, in south-central Montana
* combatants were warriors of the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, battling men of the 7 th Regiment of the US Cavalry.
* resulted in defeat of US forces and a victory for native tribes

The Dawes Act (1887) and Allotment of Indian Land

* authorized the president to divide Indian reservations into separate tracts of land for individual tribal members
* tracts were to be used for farming and cattle grazing.

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The Ghost Dance

* ceremony incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems
* proper practice of the dance would:
* reunite the living with spirits of the dead
* bring the spirits to fight on their behalf
* end American westward expansion
* bring peace, prosperity, and unity to Native American peoples throughout the region

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The Railroads

* many fortunes were made by the railroad system.
* provided the transportation of people, supplies, and trading goods
* movement of people from the east to the west allowed for increased populations and the spread of their culture
* provided a service that could quickly and cheaply move supplies across America.

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The Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

* It encouraged further settlement in the West
* as it made travelling their cheaper and easier
* It also encouraged the development of towns along the railroad


* Accomplished by Pacific Railroad Act of 1862
* granted massive amount of western land to the railroad companies
* credit mobilier scandal
* fraud by the Union Pacific railroad (uncovered in 1872)

The Frontier

* zone of contact at the edge of a line of settlement
* defining process of American civilization
* free land, which harbored immigrants from Europe that developed and modified American life.

What is Immigration?

* the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country
* done so to achieve a better lifestyle
* usually met with negative thoughts

The Statue of Liberty (built 1876-1886)

* a hollow colossus composed of copper
* gift from France
* stands on an island at the entrance to **New York Harbor**

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Emma Lazarus and “The New Colossus” (1883)

* Emma Lazarus wrote a poem called “the new colossus”
* says how lady liberty is welcoming immigrants
* wrote the poem to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty

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Immigrant Upsurge from 1890s through mid-1920s–new ethnic groups (Asian, southern and eastern European) and religions

* colonial
* protestant, Britain, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, China
* 1890-1920: explosion of where people are coming from and in religion

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

* first major law to ban a specific ethnic group from entering the US
* prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years
* excluded merchants, teachers, students, travelers, and diplomats
* signed by President Chester A. Arthur

Immigration Act of 1924 (immigration quotas)

* United States federal law that prevented immigration from Asia and set quotas on the number of immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere.
* makes system more extreme by calculating quotas based on 2%

What was the American Empire?

* term relating to the political, economic, military and cultural influence of the United States

“The Missionary Party” and the Annexation of Hawaii

* founded by descendants of Protestant missionaries that came to Hawaii from New England
* American board dispatches missionaries to go to Hawaii and convert them to Christians

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* Hawaii was an independent kingdom until 1893, when U.S. Marines helped overthrow Queen Liliuokalani

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The Spanish-American War (1898)

* Spanish empire in much diminished
* war = shortest
* period of armed conflict between Spain and the United States
* result of American concern over Spanish treatment of Cuba, political pressures, and anger over the sinking of USS Maine.
* president Mckinely wished to avoid the war

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Yellow Journalism (Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst)

* newspapers that present little or no legitimate, well-researched news while instead using eye-catching headlines for increased sales
* rivalry between Pulitzer and Hearst
* fight against who can claim the war over Spain
* yellow journalism tries to make people angry
* sinking of the USS Maine
* both lie about explosion in order to start war against Spanish

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The Roughriders

* nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry
* only ones to see combat
* under leadership of Theodore Roosevelt

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The Philippine American War (1899-1902)

* fought for independence not to join America
* Cuba was allowed to become independent because of race

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The “Civilizing Mission”

* when the Europeans arrived in Africa
* seen as European imperialism/colonialism by trying to impose their ideals
* Also promoted equality
* brought Christianity, teachers, and medical help to people

What was Progressivism?

* reform movement advocating progress – change and improvement – over conservatism, preserving the status quo

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Progressive distinctives

* hated liberal individualism, industrial capitalism, and monopolies
* indoors, quiet, passionless, read pamphlets
* wanted more government, believed the government can fix

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The Social Gospel

* social movement that aimed to apply Christian ethics to social problems
* Agreed on social sin and social salvation, the kingdom of god, the law of love

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The social sciences

* science takes place of the social gospel
* located in universities
* psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science

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The administrative state

* describes a form of government that uses an extensive professional class to provide oversight over government, the economy and society

Woodrow Wilson

* 28th president of America
* changed the nation's economic policies and led the United States into World War
* He was the leading architect of the League of Nations

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Robert La Folette

* fighting bob
* American lawyer and politician
* was a key figure in the Progressive Era
* he did good stuff

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Eugenics

* don’t leave human hereditary to happen by chance
* want social control over reproduction

What was Jim Crow?

* state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation

The New South

* start of Jim Crow
* economic shift from an exclusively agrarian society to one that embraced industrial development

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Jim Crow

* not a real person, but a fictional character created by a white actor named Thomas Dartmouth Rice in the 1830s
* used as a negative nickname for African Americans, along the same lines as racial epithets coon or darkie.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and “Separate but Equal”

* was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality

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Lynching

* hanging of African Americans
* public execution by white people
* 1877-1950 with a peak in the 1890
* African Americans were randomly blamed for a crime they didn’t do or never happened and were lynched

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Ida B. Wells

* African American journalist
* her articles about black people shocked readers
* wrote about the lynchings of black people

Henry McNeil Turner

* was a black American minister, politician, and the 12th elected and consecrated bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)
* One of the most influential African American leaders

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Booker T. Washington


1. E. B. DuBois

* was an American educator, author, orator, and adviser to several presidents of the United States.
* Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community and of the contemporary black elite

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* American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist
* made important contributions to sociology starting from his first major work The Philadelphia Negro
* co-founded the NAACP; was editor of its journal The Crisis; was a leading Pan-Africanist; and wrote many important books

The Great Migration

* movement of 6 million African Americans out of rural southern united states to the urban north
* Motivations for migration were a combination of the desire to escape oppressive economic conditions in the south and the promise of greater prosperity in the north

Harlem Renaissance

* an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City
* spanning the 1920s and 1930s
* known as the "New Negro Movement"

What was World War I (The Great War)?

* first use of chemical bombs
* thought to be the war that ends all wars
* wrong
* conflict between European territories of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire against Great Britain, France, Russia and Italy

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The Origins of the War

* Mainly began after assassination of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand
* Several other events started it
* expansion of European nations

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Gavrilo Princip

* Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg
* June 28, 1914

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Trench Warfare

* form of static, defensive warfare
* opened up new ways to fight war
* trenches were jagged for multiple reasons
* trenches in the back were used for support/falling back

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No Man’s Land

* waste or unowned land or an uninhabited or desolate area that may be under dispute between parties who leave it unoccupied out of fear or uncertainty.
* run across open land to attack enemy trenches
* enemies fire on you
* brought many deaths

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Shell Shock

* form of ptsd
* soldiers experience symptoms like fatigue, tremors, confusion, impaired sight/hearing
* symptoms dismissed as cowardice or malingering until doctor says otherwise
* needs to be taken seriously

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New forms of warfare (tank, submarine, air)

* tank warfare: can go across trenches and no mans land
* Air warfare: support infantry and artillery; could attack people in air, ground, etc.
* the red baron (air warfare fighters)
* Submarine warfare: significant operational assets; contribute to deal control, sea denial, and maritime power projection

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

* naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships such as freighters and tankers without warning
* Germany UPS U boat attacks any ship heading toward Britain
* creates convey in response (1917)

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The Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)

* British ocean line
* torpedoed by German U boat
* created sharp reactions from Americans
* many believed that the US should inflict an immediate reprisal among Germany

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The Zimmerman Telegram

* secret diplomatic communication that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany
* Americans mad at telegram and join the war

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Armenian Genocide

* destruction of Armenian people during WWI
* killed by young turks because they refused to pay oppressive tax
* Armenian question: “what will happen to them now?”
* Armenians = orthodox christians

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Chemical Warfare

* first seen to be used in WWI
* mustard gas is the most common chemical used
* rarely fatal but leads to long hospitalization and life-long medical issues

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Russian Revolution

* period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire
* saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and a bloody civil war.
* caused by the inefficiency and failure of the czarist regime in the World War I military effort

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Treaty of Versailles (1919)

* ended war between Germany and allied powers
* blamed Germany for WWI and punished them
* Major cause for WWII

League of Nations

* International diplomatic group
* Developed after WWI as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open war
* we don’t join (they don’t let us)
* ironic

What was The Roaring Twenties?

* a decade of economic growth and widespread prosperity
* driven by recovery from wartime devastation and deferred spending
* a boom in construction, and the rapid growth of consumer goods
* automobiles
* electricity

Spanish Flu

* comes after WWI
* Affected people of prime military age ( 20s)
* war and epidemic put end to progressive dreams of Wilson

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Laissez-faire

* allowed economic share to be lead by an invisible hand
* type of economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism

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18th and 19th Amendments

* 18th = banned alcohol/drinking
* 19th = gave women the right to vote
* women’s suffrage
* able to vote because the men were away at war and couldn’t

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Prohibition

* 1920 to 1933
* manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquor were made illegal
* time where average citizen broke the law

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The Age of Consumption

* people didn’t know what to do with their money and leisure time since they decreased the amount of work hours
* decided to go to theatres, amusemnet parks, sporting events, buying cars

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New technologies (appliances, cars, radio)

* Electricity
* used to promote vacuums, fridges, etc
* Telephones in homes
* opens up communication across long distances
* radio
* used for entertainment, etc
* created a shared culture/experience
* Cars
* replaced horses
* expands distances people can live from work and places of food
* birthed suburbs

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Flappers and the New Woman

* Subculture of young western women
* Women in knee high skirts and bobs who smoke and listen to jazz
* Paved the way for women who challenged traditional gender roles
* older generations hated them

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“The New Negro”

* Movement of the 1920s represents a new approach to the fight for civil rights
* African Americans stand up physically and they organized.

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Harlem

* black neighborhood
* white folk go to Harlem to listen to “real jazz”

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Marcus Garvey

* “Black people need to become economically efficient”
* Tries to get them to Africa to be with their own
* first black man to awaken dignity in balck race

What was the Fundamentalist-Modernist Conflict?

* major schism that originated in the 1920s and 1930s within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.
* between religious liberals, and militant theological conservatives
* religious liberals = sought to preserve Christianity by accommodating the traditional faith to modern culture
* militant theological conservatives = save evangelical Christianity and American civilization from the advances of modernism and Darwinism.

The YMCA

* Young Men's Christian Association
* aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy "body, mind, and spirit."
* promotes muscular Christianity
* college sports became a big deal

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The Student Volunteer Movement

* 1920
* more than 2000 students devote themselves to foreign missions
* used to encourage and publicize missionary enterprise in general

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Higher Criticism

* German biblical scholars try to read the bible like how they did with other ancient texts

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Modernism

* cant force modern people to believe some religious things
* orthodox Christians alarmed
* loss of faith in literature style

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*The Fundamentals*

* evangelical but angry
* twelve volume set of essays outlining orthodox Christian doctrine
* sends 4 volumes of books to any person of religious profession

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Harry Emerson Fosdick


1. Gresham Machen

* “Shall the fundamentalists win?”
* If they win then the church is doomed

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* “Christianity and liberalism”
* liberal Christianity isn’t the same as liberalism
* Machen disagrees with Fosdick

The Scopes Trial


1. L. Mencken

* Tennessee passes law that you can’t teach evolution to students because it goes against religious beliefs
* Scopes: Teacher that taught evolution to students
* Darrow: lawyer for defendant
* Darrow humiliates Bryan

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* Bryan dies 5 days after trial
* H.L. Mencken writes obituary about Bryan (wasn’t positive and dissed him)

What was The Great Depression?

* economic shock that impacted most countries across the world.
* period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States.
* caused by the stock market crash
* WWII ends great depression

Dorothea Lange

* photographer
* Photos were about how people suffered from the depression, etc.
* Her pictures were taken down by the government
* she had polio at a young age so she “knows suffering when she sees it”

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Speculation and the Crash (1929)

* plunged depression for a decade.
* happened because of speculation
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Run on the Banks

* Americans try to pull their money out of the banks because they believed they were crashing once they started to call in loans
* Bank closes = $ disappears
* Crashes were made by human panic

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Herbert Hoover

* 31st president
* Depression overwhelms his residency
* He believed it would pass over, but it only gets worse
* Hoover never really tried to fix situations

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Unemployment

* Happens during the great depression.
* many people are jobless and are left hungry and homeless.
* Began after stock market crash.

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Hoovervilles

* People lose houses and gather in homeless camps outside New York City
* They blame Hoover.

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The Dust Bowl

* Droughts hit great plains.
* soil is dangerously prone to erosion and winds from the mountains blow the dust.
* dust bowl = catastrophic

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Okies and Arkies

* Oakies are people that migrate from Oklahoma.
* Arkies are people that migrate from Arkansas.
* People go to Cali to soil/cities (life gets worse)
* California doesn’t want them but can’t do anything to stop them.

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Immigrant Deportations

* Formal removal of a foreign national from the U.S. for violating an immigration law
* Mexican immigrants were supposedly using resources and working jobs that should go to white Americans affected by the Great Depression.

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The Bonus Army

* Veterans will be paid a bonus to get it sooner

rather than later
* Veterans in WWI demand compensation for their service
* Resulted in Demonstrators dispersed, demands rejected, Herbert Hoover loses 1932 presidential election

What was The New Deal?

* Series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations
* Enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States
* Between 1933 and 1939.
* Caused by Great Depression

Franklin D. Roosevelt

* Considered to be one of the most important figures in history.
* Only president elected for more than 2 terms.
* Got us through great depression, new deal, WWII, etc.
* 32nd president

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The New Deal

* Builds some of the first parks (beside the side of the highway, like camps)
* Southerns made much less money than people elsewhere.


* Ends up pushing poor sharecroppers off the land.

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Civilian Conservation Corps

* Employs men in the West on projects like reforesting land.


* Creates jobs and relief programs for people that don’t have jobs.

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Glass-Steagall Act (1932)

* designed to protect individuals from losing their savings due to banks’ risky investments
* helped prevent another depression