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⭒✮⭒ Define Neuroscience.
Scientific study of the brain and nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Includes brain and spinal cord; manages essential body functions
Brain
part of CNS; a central computer that controls all the body’s functions
Spinal Cord
part of CNS ;sends motor commands from the brain to the body; and sends sensory info from the body to the brain; controls reflexes (connects to Somatic Nervous System)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend across the body (anything that isnt brain or spinal cord is PNS)
Somatic Nervous System
part of PNS; controls feeling, senses, and movement in the (soma-)body
Afferent Nerves
signals ARRIVE to CNS
Efferent Nerves
signals EXIT the CNS and go to PNS
Autonomic Nervous System
automatic or involuntary body functions (breathing, blood pressure, heart rate)
Sympathetic Nervous System
activates during stress reactions (sympathetic w your emotions) (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic Nervous System
controls body’s responses during times of rest
⭒✮⭒ Describe the function of the neuron
Neurons transmit information in the nervous system (chemically)
⭒✮⭒Sensory Neurons
in Afferent Nerves; relay sensory info, tell the brain abt body functions
⭒✮⭒Motor Neurons
in Efferent Nerves; help move skeletal muscles, in PNS
⭒✮⭒Interneurons
in Brain and Spinal Cord only; communicate between neurons, but not other types of neurons; in CNS
Dendrites
detect neurotransmitters (chemical msgs)
Nucleus
contains the cells genetic info
Cell body (SOMA
determines if there should be a nerve impulse
Axon
Action potential travels down the axon
Myelin Sheath
coating makes the nervous system fast
Nodes of Ranvier
spaces between MS on Axon
Axon Terminals
announce to next cell/organ/muscle (send neurotransmitters to next cell)
⭒✮⭒ What is the order that the information flows in a neuron
Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon, Axon Terminals
Describe the function of glia.
Support neurons; waste disposal, stabilize chemical environment of neuron, insulate neurons, speed up natural impulse
Define action potential.
Nerve Impulse; at rest: cell’s interior is - charged; when it “fires”: it’s + charged
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
Chemicals that neurons use to talk to the body and other neurons
Diffusion
neurotransmitter floats away
Reuptake
reabsorption of excess or used neurotransmitter molecules; SSRI drugs stop reuptake of serotonin to treat depression
Inactivation
break down excess neurotransmitters using enzymes
Agonist
drugs/chemicals that INCREASE neurotransmitter activity
Antagonist
drugs/chemicals that DECREASE neurotransmitter activity; clozapine for schizophrenia decreases dopamine
Define plasticity.
The ability of the brain to change (not fixed); maturation, learning, recovery; young brains have more plasticity than older but they still have some→ young brain plasticity >old brain
How does the myelin sheath speed up action potential?
Insulates the axon and propagation only happens at the nodes of Ranvier vs. across the entire axon→ slowing it down
Brainstem
connects brain to spinal cord; HB
Medulla
keeps us alive; manages breathing and heartbeat;sleep apnea HB
Pons
bridge that signals between cerebellum to brainstem & spinal cord; HB
Reticular Activating System
nerve pathways that control sleep/wake cycle/conciousness, sensation and attention; coma HB
Cerebellum
coordinates thoughts and words; actions and speech; if damaged/drunk causes uncoordination; boxer’s injury; HB
Thalamus
sensory relay; post office sends signals to other brain areas; synesthesia→complications; FB
Limbic System
between hindbrain and forebrain; emotional brain; FB
Hypothalamus
controls hormones for:growth, sex, hunger and sleep; feeding, fleeing, fighting, fornication; FB
Hippocampus
active in learning, creates and retrieves memories (doesn’t store memories);FB
Amygdala
emotional responses: fear, anxiety, anger, happines;FB
Corpus Callosum
connects left and right side of brain; communication, damage= cant decide stuff
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal Lobe
frontal lobe
(prefrontal cortex) - brings everything together;language and speech, impulse control, concentration, damage→ personality changes
temporal lobe
(tempo→sound) auditory stimulation;processes audio and connected to memories
occipital lobe
(occular→ sight) visual stimulation; some visual memories stored here
parietal lobe
spacial skills; dyslexia; dyslexia can also be auditory
somatosensory area
body’s skin/touch sensations
What is 1
frontal lobe
What is 2
primary motor area
What is 3
primary somatosensory area
What is 4
parietal lobe
What is 5
Occipital Lobe
What is 6
Primary Visual Area
What is 7
Primary Auditory Area
What is 8
Temporal Lobe
What is 9
Prefrontal Cortex
Why is it wrong to say someone is “right-brained” or “left-brained”
Many cognitive skills require both sides of the brain to work together
The two sides of the brain do many of the same skills
Functional MRIs and PET scans dont show more more activity on one side of the brain
Which component of the nervous system is comprised of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord?
Peripheral Nervous System
Which part relays the commands of the central nervous system directly to the skeletal muscles for voluntary movement?
Efferent Nervous System
Which component is comprised of both the brain and spinal cord?
Central Nervous System
During a car accident which part of the nervous system is likely in control of your heart rate and blood pressure?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the master control of the nervous system?
Brain
The pain receptors in the skin would be an example of which part of the nervous system?
Afferent Nervous system (receptors → receive)
Which part controls some simple reflexes below the neck?
Spinal Cord
What are the two major divisions of the human nervous system?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
When you are acting as a couch potato which part is likely in control of your body functions?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which component contains neural pathways enabling voluntary movement and relaying sensory input to the central nervous system?
Somatic
Which part regulates the automatic functions of organs and glands?
Autonomic Nervous System
Which part is the major connection between the brain and the peripheral nervous system?
Spinal Cord
Which side of the brain controls each side of the body?
Left brain controls right body; Right brain controls left body
Define learning.
Relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience/practice
Define classical conditioning.
Learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A Stimulus which triggers a Response naturally
Unconditioned Response (UR)
the Response triggered by the Unconditional Stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
a Stimulus which doesn’t trigger a response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Formerly Neutral, now triggers a response; was presented repeatedly prior to the Unconditioned Stimulusand evokes a similar Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Response (CR)
acquired response to the Conditioned Stimulus
US
food
UR
Salivating
NS
bell
CS
Bell
CR
Salivating
Acquisition
the period when the neutral simulus comes to evoke the conditioned response (between NS and CS)
Extinction
diminishing of a CR when the CS is followed by the US anymore
Spontaneous Recovery
return of the CR after being extinguished, despite lack of more conditioning
Stimulus Generalization
showing CR to stimulus that are similar to the CS
Stimulus Discrimination
showing CR to only the CS
Define operant conditioning.
Learning to associate behaviors with their consequences
stimulus Added
POSITIVE (+)
stimulus Removed
NEGATIVE (-)
Want behavior…Increase
REINFORCE
Want behavior… Decrease
PUNISH
Primary Reinforcer
Innate/since birth; food, sleep, pleasure
Secondary Reinforcer
things we’re conditioned to like: money, good grades, stars
Describe shaping.
Reinforcing successively closer approximations to the desired response
Describe observational learning.
Learning by watching other ppl’s behavior
Escape/avoidance behaviors are being:
Negatively Reinforced