PSY 121 Test 2

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Chapter 3 &4 of Intro to Psychology

Psychology

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104 Terms

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⭒✮⭒ Define Neuroscience.

  • Scientific study of the brain and nervous system

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

  •  Includes brain and spinal cord; manages essential body functions

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Brain

 part of CNS; a central computer that controls all the body’s functions

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Spinal Cord

part of CNS ;sends motor commands from the brain to the body; and sends sensory info from the body to the brain; controls reflexes (connects to Somatic Nervous System)

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend across the body (anything that isnt brain or spinal cord is PNS)

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Somatic Nervous System

part of PNS; controls feeling, senses, and movement in the (soma-)body

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Afferent Nerves

signals ARRIVE to CNS

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Efferent Nerves

  • signals EXIT the CNS and go to PNS

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Autonomic Nervous System

automatic or involuntary body functions (breathing, blood pressure, heart rate)

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Sympathetic Nervous System

activates during stress reactions (sympathetic w your emotions) (fight or flight)

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • controls body’s responses during times of rest

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⭒✮⭒ Describe the function of the neuron

  •  Neurons transmit information in the nervous system (chemically)

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⭒✮⭒Sensory Neurons

 in Afferent Nerves; relay sensory info, tell the brain abt body functions

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⭒✮⭒Motor Neurons

  • in Efferent Nerves; help move skeletal muscles, in PNS

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⭒✮⭒Interneurons

  • in Brain and Spinal Cord only; communicate between neurons, but not other types of neurons; in CNS 

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Dendrites

  • detect neurotransmitters (chemical msgs)

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Nucleus

contains the cells genetic info

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Cell body (SOMA

determines if there should be a nerve impulse

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Axon

  • Action potential travels down the axon

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Myelin Sheath

  • coating makes the nervous system fast

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Nodes of Ranvier

  • spaces between MS on Axon

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Axon Terminals

 announce to next cell/organ/muscle (send neurotransmitters to next cell)

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  1. ⭒✮⭒ What is the order that the information flows in a neuron

Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon, Axon Terminals

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  1. Describe the function of glia.

  • Support neurons; waste disposal, stabilize chemical environment of neuron, insulate neurons, speed up natural impulse

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  1. Define action potential.

  • Nerve Impulse; at rest: cell’s interior is - charged; when it “fires”: it’s + charged

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  1.  What is the function of neurotransmitters?

  • Chemicals that neurons use to talk to the body and other neurons

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Diffusion

  • neurotransmitter floats away

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Reuptake

reabsorption of excess or used neurotransmitter molecules; SSRI drugs stop reuptake of serotonin to treat depression

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Inactivation

  • break down excess neurotransmitters using enzymes

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Agonist

  • drugs/chemicals that INCREASE neurotransmitter activity

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Antagonist

drugs/chemicals that DECREASE neurotransmitter activity; clozapine for schizophrenia decreases dopamine

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  1. Define plasticity.

  • The ability of the brain to change (not fixed); maturation, learning, recovery; young brains have more plasticity than older but they still have some→ young brain plasticity >old brain

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  1. How does the myelin sheath speed up action potential?

  • Insulates the axon and propagation only happens at the nodes of Ranvier vs. across the entire axon→ slowing it down

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Brainstem

  • connects brain to spinal cord; HB

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Medulla

  • keeps us alive; manages breathing and heartbeat;sleep apnea HB

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Pons

bridge that signals between cerebellum to brainstem & spinal cord; HB

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Reticular Activating System

  • nerve pathways that control sleep/wake cycle/conciousness, sensation and attention; coma HB

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Cerebellum

  • coordinates thoughts and words; actions and speech; if damaged/drunk causes uncoordination; boxer’s injury; HB

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Thalamus

  • sensory relay; post office sends signals to other brain areas; synesthesia→complications; FB

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Limbic System

between hindbrain and forebrain; emotional brain; FB

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Hypothalamus

controls hormones for:growth, sex, hunger and sleep; feeding, fleeing, fighting, fornication; FB

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Hippocampus

active in learning, creates and retrieves memories (doesn’t store memories);FB

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Amygdala

  • emotional responses: fear, anxiety, anger, happines;FB

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Corpus Callosum

connects left and right side of brain; communication, damage= cant decide stuff

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What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal Lobe

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frontal lobe

(prefrontal cortex) - brings everything together;language and speech, impulse control, concentration, damage→ personality changes

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temporal lobe

(tempo→sound) auditory stimulation;processes audio and connected to memories

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occipital lobe

  • (occular→ sight) visual stimulation; some visual memories stored here

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parietal lobe

  • spacial skills; dyslexia; dyslexia can also be auditory

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somatosensory area

  • body’s skin/touch sensations

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<p>What is 1</p>

What is 1

frontal lobe

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<p>What is 2</p>

What is 2

primary motor area

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<p>What is 3</p>

What is 3

primary somatosensory area

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<p>What is 4</p>

What is 4

parietal lobe

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<p>What is 5</p>

What is 5

Occipital Lobe

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<p>What is 6</p>

What is 6

Primary Visual Area

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<p>What is 7</p>

What is 7

Primary Auditory Area

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<p>What is 8</p>

What is 8

Temporal Lobe

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<p>What is 9</p>

What is 9

Prefrontal Cortex

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  1. Why is it wrong to say someone is “right-brained” or “left-brained” 

  • Many cognitive skills require both sides of the brain to work together

  • The two sides of the brain do many of the same skills

  • Functional MRIs and PET scans dont show more more activity on one side of the brain

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  1. Which component of the nervous system is comprised of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord?

  • Peripheral Nervous System

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  1. Which part relays the commands of the central nervous system directly to the skeletal muscles for voluntary movement?

  • Efferent Nervous System

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  1. Which component is comprised of both the brain and spinal cord?

Central Nervous System

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During a car accident which part of the nervous system is likely in control of your heart rate and blood pressure?

  • Sympathetic Nervous System

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  1. What is the master control of the nervous system?

  • Brain

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  1. The pain receptors in the skin would be an example of which part of the nervous system?

  • Afferent Nervous system (receptors → receive)

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  1. Which part controls some simple reflexes below the neck?

Spinal Cord

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  1. What are the two major divisions of the human nervous system?

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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  1. When you are acting as a couch potato which part is likely in control of your body functions?

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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  1. Which component contains neural pathways enabling voluntary movement and relaying sensory input to the central nervous system?

  • Somatic

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  1. Which part regulates the automatic functions of organs and glands?

  • Autonomic Nervous System

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  1. Which part is the major connection between the brain and the peripheral nervous system?

  • Spinal Cord

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  1. Which side of the brain controls each side of the body?

  • Left brain controls right body; Right brain controls left body

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  1. Define learning.

Relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience/practice

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  1. Define classical conditioning.

  • Learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus

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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

  • A Stimulus which triggers a Response naturally 

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Unconditioned Response (UR)

  • the Response triggered by the Unconditional Stimulus 

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Neutral Stimulus (NS)

  • a Stimulus which doesn’t trigger a response

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Formerly Neutral, now triggers a response; was presented repeatedly prior to the Unconditioned Stimulusand evokes a similar Unconditioned Response

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Conditioned Response (CR)

acquired response to the Conditioned Stimulus

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US

food

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UR

Salivating

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NS

bell

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CS

Bell

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CR

Salivating

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Acquisition

  • the period when the neutral simulus comes to evoke the conditioned response (between NS and CS)

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Extinction

  • diminishing of a CR when the CS is followed by the US anymore

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Spontaneous Recovery

return of the CR after being extinguished, despite lack of more conditioning

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Stimulus Generalization

  • showing CR to stimulus that are similar to the CS

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Stimulus Discrimination

showing CR to only the CS

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  1. Define operant conditioning.

  • Learning to associate behaviors with their consequences

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stimulus Added

POSITIVE (+)

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stimulus Removed

NEGATIVE (-)

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Want behavior…Increase

REINFORCE

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Want behavior… Decrease

PUNISH

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Primary Reinforcer

  • Innate/since birth; food, sleep, pleasure

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Secondary Reinforcer

  • things we’re conditioned to like: money, good grades, stars

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  1. Describe shaping.

  • Reinforcing successively closer approximations to the desired response

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  1. Describe observational learning.

  • Learning by watching other ppl’s behavior

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  1. Escape/avoidance behaviors are being:

  • Negatively Reinforced