anatomy and phys ch2

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

States of matter

solid, liquid, gas

solid

Definite shape and volume

liquid

changeable shape; definite volume

gas

changeable shape and volume

energy

the capacity to do work

Kintetic energy

energy in action

potential

stored energy

forms of energy

chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

chemical energy

stored in bonds of chemical substances

electrical energy

results from the movement of charged particles

mechanical energy

directly involved in moving matter

radiant
or
electromagnetic energy

Travels in waves (example: heat, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X rays)

4 elements that make up 96% of the body

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

atomic symbol

A one or two letter abbreviation for an element

oxygen

O -atomic symbol
65% of body mass

carbon

C- atomic symbol
18.5% of body mass

hydrogen

H- atomic symbol
9.5% of body mass

nitrogen

N- atomic symbol
3.2% of body mass

calcium

Ca- atomic symbol
1.5% of body mass

Phosphorus

P- atomic symbol
1% of body mass

Potassium

K- atomic symbol
.4% of body mass

sulfur

S- atomic symbol
.3% of body mass

sodium

Na- atomic symbol
.2% of body mass

chlorine

Cl- atomic symbol
.2% of body mass

magnesium

Mg- atomic symbol
.1% of body mass

iodine

I - atomic symbol
.1% of body mass

iron

Fe- atomic symbol
.1% of body mass

protons

positive charge
weigh an arbitrary 1 atomic mass unit

amu

atomic mass unit

neutrons

no electrical charge
weigh 1 amu

electrons

carry a negative charge
so tiny they virtually have no weight

nucleus

made of protons and neutrons

planetary model

simplified and outdated model of atomic structure

orbital model

current model used that depicts orbitals, probable regions where an electron is most likely to be located

atomic number

number of protons in nucleus

mass number

total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

isotopes

structural variations of the same element
atoms contain same number of protons but differ in number of neutrons they contain
atomic number same but mass weight different

radioisotopes

are isotopes that decompose to more stable forms

molecule

general term for 2 or more atoms bonded together

compound

specific molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together

3 basic types of mixtures

solutions
colloids
suspensions

solutions

Are homogeneous mixtures, meaning particles are evenly distributed throughout
true solutions are usually transparent

solvent

substance present in greatest amount

solute

substance dissolved in a solvent

molarity

is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

colloids
or
emulsions

heterogeneous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out

suspensions

Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.

chemical bonds

are energy relationships between the electrons of the reacting atoms

valence shell

outermost electron shell

octet rule

atoms desire 8 electrons in their valence shell

3 major chemical bonds

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

ionic bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

covalent bond

are formed by sharing 2 or more valence shell electrons between 2 atoms

2 types of covalent bonds

polar and nonpolar

non polar covalent bonds

equal sharing of electrons

Poplar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

hydrogen bonds

attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule

chemical reactions

occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

chemical equations contain

reactants and products

reactants

substance entering into reaction together

product

resulting chemical end products

synthesis

reactions involve atoms or molecules combining to form larger/more complex molecule

Decomposition

reactions involve breakdown of a molecule into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms

exchange reaction
or
displacement reactions

involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions; bonds are both made and broken

exergonic reactions

result in a net release of energy

endergonic reaction

result in a net absorption of energy

catalyst

increase the rate of reaction without being chemically changed or becoming part of the product

Enzymes

biological catalysts

Biochemistry

study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

all chemicals either

organic or inorganic

inorganic compounds

water/ salts/ many acids and bases
do not contain carbon

organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
contain carbon

water

most abundant inorganic compound
-accounts for 60- 80% of the volume of living cells

high heat capacity

ability to absorb and release heat with little temp change

high heat of vaporization

Evaporation requires large amounts of heat

reactivity

necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

cushioning

protects certain organs from physical trauma

salts

ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water

acids and bases are

both electrolytes

acids

proton donors

bases

proton acceptors

Neutralization

acids and bases are mixed together

buffers

resist abrupt and large swings in pH

organic molecules contain

carbon

carbon is

electroneutral

Monosaccharides

one single sugar
simple sugars containing 3-7 carbon atoms

Disaccharides

two sugars
too large to pass through cell membranes

polysaccharides

many sugars

Triglycerides

called fats when solid and oils when liquid
main function- energy storage, insulation, protection

triglycerides can be constructed of

saturated fatty acids

unsaturated fatty acids

one or more carbons are linked via double bonds

trans fat

modified unsaturated fatty oils that resemble structure of saturated fats and considered unhealthy

omega-3 fatty acids

heart healthy

Phospholipids

modified triglycerides

steroids

consist of 4 interlocking ring structures
cholesterol most important steroid

eicosanoids

derived from arachidonic acid found in cell membranes

all proteins are made from

20 types of amino acids

4 levels of protein structure determine

shape and function

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