A&P Exam 1

What is the study of blood?

Hematology

What is in the circulatory system?

Blood
BV
Heart

What is in the cardiovascular system?

BV
Heart

What are the 3 functions of blood?

1. Transportation
2. Protection
3. Regulation

What 5 things does the blood transport?

Gases
Nutrients
Wastes
Hormones
Heat

What does the blood transport to/from tissues?

Oxygen to tissues

CO2 away from tissues

Where does the blood transport nutrients to?

Digestive tract
Body

Where does the blood transport waste to?

Kidney for excretion

Where does the blood transport hormones to/from?

From endocrine glands

To target cells

Where does the blood transport heat to/from?

From core

To surface

What are the 2 functions of blood's protection?

1. Immunity
2. Hemostasis

What is hemostasis?

Minimization and prevention of blood loss

How does the blood have protective immune function?

Leukocytes and antibodies in blood

What are leukocytes? What do they do?

WBC

Destroy bacteria & cancer

How is blood regulated?

1. pH
2. Fluid stabilization
3. Body temp

How does the blood stabilize fluid?

Prevents edema by regulating fluid exchange between circulatory system & other tissues

How does the blood regulate body temp?

Vasoconstriction & vasodilation

Vasoconstriction vs vasodilation

Vasoconstriction = retains heat

Vasodilation = expels heat

What comprises connective tissue?

Cells + extracellular matrix

What comprises blood?

Formed elements + plasma

FE = cells
plasma = ECM

What is the percentage breakdown of blood?

45% RBC
5% WBC/platelets
50% plasma

What is hematocrit?

AKA packed cell volume (PCV)

ratio of RBC to total blood volume

What is the buffy coat?

WBC + platelets

What is plasma?

Sticky substance made of water and over 100 solutes

What are the types of solutes in plasma?

Proteins (most abundant)
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Nitrogenous wastes
Hormones
Gases

What are the 3 classes of plasma proteins?

GAF

1. Globulins
2. Albumins
3. Fibrinogen

What is the smallest and most abundant plasma protein?

Albumin

Where are albumins produced?

liver

What are the functions of albumins?

Transport protein

Buffer blood pH

What is viscosity?

blood thickness

What is too thin of blood at risk for?

Edema & tissue damage

What is too thick of blood at risk for?

High BP

What is osmolarity?

Amount of solutes per volume of blood

What is affected by osmolarity and viscosity?

Blood volume
BP
Blood flow

What are the 3 types of globulins?

alpha, beta, gamma

What do alpha globulin proteins do?

Transport proteins

Blood clotting

What do beta globulin proteins do?

Transport proteins

Immunity

What do gamma globulin proteins do?

Immunity

Where are globulin proteins produced?

Liver

EXCEPT FOR gamma

What is another term for gamma globulins?

Immunoglobulins or antibodies

What secretes gamma globulins?

Plasma cells

What is a zymogen?

Inactive precursor protein

What is fibrinogen?

Precursor to fibrin produced in liver

What is serum?

Plasma without clotting factors (fibrinogen)

What does liver disease affect?

Blood volume
BP
Blood flow

What are nitrogenous wastes?

Toxic byproducts of metabolism

Urea, uric acid, creatinine

What is the primary protein breakdown product?

Urea

What is the primary nucleic acid breakdown product?

Uric acid

What is the primary skeletal muscle breakdown product?

Creatinine

What is BUN (blood urea nitrogen)?

Level of nitrogenous wastes present in blood

Indication of kidney function

What is the function of erythrocytes?

Shuttle gases

What is the most abundant formed element?

RBC

Erythrocytes:
Structure?
Organelles?

Bi-concave disc

NO mitochondria and NO nucleus

Erythrocytes:
Lipids?
Proteins?

Glycolipids on plasma membrane for ID tags, important in blood typing

Spectrin & actin for flexibility

Hemoglobin for oxygen carrying

Why do RBC not have mitochondria?

So that it cannot use the Oxygen that it transports

What is not observed in RBC as a result of no nuclei?

No mitosis or protein synthesis

What happens when actin & spectrin are aged in a RBC?

Hemolysis in spleen

What is hemoglobin made out of?

2 alpha & 2 beta globin
Heme moiety (oxygen seat)
Iron (oxygen seatbelt)

How many oxygens can hemoglobin hold?

4 (one per heme group)

How does the fetal hemoglobin differ?

2 gamma chains instead of 2 beta

Holds oxygen more tightly

What is hemopoiesis?

Formation of blood cells and formed elements

What are blood islands?

Clusters of cells that produce stem cells for red marrow, liver, spleen, & thymus

When does the liver produce RBC?

until birth

When does the spleen & thymus produce RBC?

until birth where they stop shortly after and continue WBC production

When does the red marrow produce RBC?

Primary producer

What is erythropoiesis?

Formation of RBC

3-5 days

Erythropoiesis pathway

HSC (hemopoietic stem cell)
ECFU (colony forming unit)
Erythroblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

What is hypoxemia?

Low oxygen in blood

What is hypoxia?

Low oxygen in tissues

What to hypoxemia/hypoxia trigger?

EPO release from kidneys & liver

What does EPO bind to?

EPO binds to ECFU receptors to develop erythroblasts

What kind of feedback loop is erythropoiesis

Negative

What are erythroblasts?

Immature mitotic cells where hemoglobin is synthesized

What happens at the reticulocyte stage?

Nucleus shrivels
Mitochondria lost

What vitamins/minerals are required for erythropoiesis?

Vitamins:
Vitamin C
Vitamin B12
Folic acid

Minerals:
Copper
Iron

What is the function of vitamin C in erythropoiesis?

hemoglobin synthesis

What is the function of vitamin B12/folic acid in erythropoiesis?

mitosis

What is the function of copper in erythropoiesis?

cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis

What is the function of iron in erythropoiesis?

hemoglobin function

What is the dietary form of iron?

Ferric (Fe3+)

What is the converted form of iron found in hemoglobin?

Ferrous (Fe2+)

How is ferric converted to ferrous?

Stomach converts it and then it is absorbed by the small intestine

How is ferrous transported in the blood?

Transferrin (beta globulin)

What happens to excess hemoglobin?

Made into ferrous by red bone marrow

What happens to excess ferrous?

Stored as ferritin in the liver

How long is a RBC life cycle?

120 days

What happens at the end of a RBC life cycle?

Membrane proteins get fragile

RBC are less flexible and undergo hemolysis

Where does hemolysis typically occur?

Spleen

RBC graveyard

How is heme broken down? (pathway)

1. Hemolysis (rupture)
2. Plasma membrane degradation
3. Macrophages (break hemoglobin)
4. Heme breakdown (into ferrous or bilirubin)
5. Bilirubin converted to urobilinogen (small intestine)

What does bilirubin become?

Bile in the liver

What makes feces brown?

urobilinogen

What makes urine yellow?

urochrome

What is jaundice?

Elevated bilirubin levels

Yellow skin/eyes

What causes jaundice?

Rapid hemolysis
Liver/bile duct issues

What is congenital jaundice?

Immature liver which results in elevated bilirubin

Tx with phototherapy

What is polycythemia?

Excess RBC

What is anemia?

Shortage of RBC

How can the concentration of erythrocytes be determined?

Hematocrit
Hemoglobin
RBC count

What is flow cytometry used for?

RBC count

What causes primary polycythemia?

red marrow cancer