Methods of Psychology Final Exam

D

Dr. Rodriquez is a health psychologist who is interested in studying the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) oil on perceptions of pain in college student athletes with sports injuries. She became interested in studying this topic after hearing multiple claims by the media that CBD oil was effective in treating pain. However, she could not find any empirical studies that reported findings of the effectiveness for CBD oil for sports injuries. Her decision to conduct a study to test the media claims is an example of which of Merton's scientific normsA universalityB communalityC disinterestednessD organized skepticism

A

You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying thatA research is probabilistic.B you have cherry-picked information to support your conclusion.C you have fallen prey to your blind spot bias.D your intuition is better than research.

C

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following?A the statistical validity of the studyB the internal validity of the studyC the construct validity of the studyD the external validity of the study

A

Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers?A Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.B Animal research requires less research funding than human research.C Animal research is less likely to result in physical harm to the subject compared to human research.D Animal research has not had the same types of scandals that human research has had (e.g., the Tuskegee Study).

A

Dr. Leising conducts observational studies of adolescents interacting with peers during problem-solving tasks. She records each 30-minute interaction and then has the students in her laboratory code prosocial behaviors in the adolescents as they view each video. Because she has several students coding the videos, she calculates how reliable their scores are with each other by having them all code the same videos periodically. Which type of reliability is Dr. Leising calculating?A interrater reliabilityB test-retest reliabilityC internal reliabilityD internal consistency

C

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following?A observer biasB observer effectsC reactivityD nay-saying

D

A biased sample consists of too many ________ cases.A basicB idealC complicatedD unusual

D

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. According to the guidelines for interpreting effect sizes, the magnitude of this effect isA very small or very weak.B small or weak.C moderate.D unusually large in psychology

B

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep.Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Dormeur's study?A threeB sixC nineD twelve

C

Ceiling effects can lead toA large variance within groups.B large variance between groups.C small variance between groups.D all participants performing poorly

A

Dr. Green is interested in conducting a 2 × 2 × 3 within-group factorial design, with 20 participants in each cell. How many participants does she need overall?A 20B 40C 80D 240

B

Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known asA basic research.B applied research.C empirical research.D translational research.

A

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her phone. She typically remembers to charge her phone on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music?A Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying and goes to bed sooner.B Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable.C Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night.D There is no problem with Vanessa's reasoning.

C

Which of the following questions assesses internal validity when evaluating causal claims?A Are the groups large enough to find a significant difference?B How well did the experiments manipulate the variables?C Did the researcher randomly assign participants?D To what populations can we generalize this claim?

D

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?A the principle of beneficenceB the principle of justiceC the principle of integrityD the principle of respect for persons

A

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability?A the time spent solving a math problemB the type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle)C whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problemD the report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver

A

Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey question?A how well it is wordedB how many people answer itC how short it isD how many response options it has

C

Another term for probability sampling isA purposive sampling.B convenience sampling.C random sampling.D cluster sampling.

A

Which of the following is true about outliers?A They have the biggest effect when dealing with small sample sizes.B They can affect the strength, but not the direction, of an association.C They usually affect a majority of the data points.D They are only problematic when they affect one variable and not the other.

D

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask).When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.
Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish ________ validity.A externalB statisticalC internalD construct

D

To avoid insensitive measures, it is important to use measures that includeA large differences between the levels of the variable.B measurement error.C ceiling effects.D multiple increments of the variable.

B

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following?A a crossover interactionB a spreading interactionC a three-way interactionD a difference interaction

C

Why are empirical and journal review articles considered prestigious publications?A They are written by scientists.B They use quantitative techniques.C They are both peer-reviewed.D They use statistical analyses to test hypotheses.

C

Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims?A strong positive associationsB strong negative associationsC both strong positive associations and strong negative associationsD neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations

C

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection?A womenB members of minority religious groupsC people with developmental disabilitiesD refugees

B

Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together?A Both terms refer to the same type of validity.B Researchers have to look at the patterns of correlations for both types of validity.C Researchers have to determine whether convergent validity predicts discriminant validity.D Both types of validity are subjective in that they are determined by experts in the field.

A

Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues?A fence sittingB faking goodC response setsD people self-reporting more than they can know

C

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample isA A cluster samples study all possible clusters

stratified random samples randomly select strata.B cluster samples use oversampling

stratified random samples use undersampling.C cluster samples use randomly selected clusters

stratified random samples use predetermined strata.D There is no difference between cluster samples and stratified random samples.

B

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). Her results show that students who exercised in the last week also reported happier moods. Can Dr. Reyes make a causal inference from her study? Select the best explanation for the response.A Yes, Dr. Reyes' study meets all three of the causal criteria.B No, Dr. Reyes's study meets only one the three causal criteria: covariance.C No, Dr. Reyes' study meets only one the three causal criteria: temporal precedence.D No, Dr. Reyes's study meets only two of the three causal criteria: covariance and temporal precedence.

D

Which of the following is true about replicating experiments?A Every experiment should test something slightly different to get new information.B The same group of people should participate every time.C Only the original experimenters can do the replication.D Multiple tests result in a better estimate of the population.

D

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2: Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch using a calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many calories they eat (again using the calorimeter).The addition of a group that does not use the drink additive but adds a similar-looking substance that they think is the additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity?A historyB observer biasC instrumentationD placebo effects

B

The phrase "especially for" would be used to describe which of the following results?A crossover interactionsB spreading interactionsC one significant main effectD two significant main effects

B

Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following?A how well the general public will understand the studyB how well the research was conductedC the prestige/reputation of the authorD previous studies from the same research group

C

Which of the following is true of variables?A Variables are the same as constants.B All variables can be manipulated.C Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.D Variables only need conceptual definitions.

A

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study participants only from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women?A if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)B if the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women)C if the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation)D it is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied

D

Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots?A all types of reliabilityB internal reliability and test-retest reliabilityC internal reliability and interrater reliabilityD interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

A

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles." What should Dr. Jonason do to improve the construct validity of this question?A Split up the question into two separate questions.B Phrase the question in a neutral way.C Avoid suggesting a particular viewpoint in the question.D Avoid using negative phrasing in the question.

C

Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim?A You should automatically disregard the claim.B You should automatically accept the claim.C You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring.D You should ask whether more participants are necessary.

D

Which of the following questions is necessary to ask when interrogating statistical validity?A Is there a potential moderator?B Are the variables measured in a reliable way?C Is random assignment affecting the findings?D Is there a restriction of range?

D

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask).When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary's study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity?A counterbalancingB a placebo groupC a demand characteristicD a manipulation check

D

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2: Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch using a calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many calories they eat (again using the calorimeter).The addition of a group that does not use the drink additive but adds a similar-looking substance that they think is the additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity?A historyB observer biasC instrumentationD placebo effects

A

Dr. Green is interested in conducting a 2 × 2 × 3 within-group factorial design, with 20 participants in each cell. How many participants does she need overall?A 20B 40C 80D 240

C

Which of the following is a reason that a journalist may misrepresent a psychology study in a magazine?A The peer-review process for journalists sometimes makes them miss important facts.B Journalists may count on their readers to check the original scientific journal.C Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study.D Journalists are unethical.

A

Which of the following best describes an abstract?A brief summary of an articleB description of studies recently published in other psychology journalsC index of authors in the field of psychologyD computerized database

D

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music.Which of the following is a variable in this study?A the gender of the researcherB the volume of the musicC the type of gameD the gender of the participant

A

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following?A content validityB convergent validityC criterion validityD discriminant validity

C

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs.Which of the following is Dr. Ewell likely to give to his research assistants to prevent observer bias?A a video cameraB a developmental psychology textbookC a codebookD binoculars

B

Dr. Sanchez conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. If Dr. Sanchez increased his sample size to 1,000, which of the following would happen?A The true estimate would increase.B The margin of error would become smaller.C External validity would become less important.D Statistical validity would become negatively affected.

D

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?A Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious.B Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people.C Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established.D Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable.

A

An independent-groups design is also known as a design __________.A Between-subjectsB matched-groupsC within-groupsD mixed

B

Dr. Adebayo is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a(n)A weak manipulation.B ceiling effect.C floor effect.D outlier.

C

Why are factorial designs useful in testing theories?A They allow researchers to explore the construct validity of a theory.B Results from factorial designs are typically straightforward and easy to interpret.C They allow researchers to understand the nuances of how variables interact.D Results from factorial designs are always intuitive.

A

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?A Administering an anxiety questionnaireB applying a new therapy techniqueC writing an opinion article about a psychological studyD undergoing a brain scan

A

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose,"which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?A "What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?"B "What were the methods?" and "What are the results?"C "What is the hypothesis?" and "What are the explanations?"D "What research exists on this topic?" and "What research needs to be conducted to answer the question?"

C

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation?A the criterion of covarianceB the criterion of temporal precedenceC the third-variable criterionD the criterion of external validity

A

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts that his graduate student will conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following?A data fabricationB data falsificationC plagiarismD intellectual property destruction

A

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar?A Both involve subjective judgments.B Both involve asking participants for their opinions about the measurement.C Both are preferred by psychologists as ideal measures of validity.D Both are very difficult to establish.

A

Which of the following hypotheses would be best tested with a survey?A College students with part-time jobs have high self-esteem.B Children who are exposed to more words per day have faster brain development.C Drinking coffee makes people walk faster.D Sharing with others increases dopamine levels.

A

How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar?A Both identify subgroups that need to be studied.B Both randomly sample subgroups to be studied.C Both result in nonrepresentative samples.D Both result in representative samples.

D

The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the ________ problem.A third variableB covarianceC associationD directionality

C

Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies?A construct validityB external validityC internal validityD statistical validity

B

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1: In previous studies, Dr. Hamid has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam.Imagine that in Dr. Hamid's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity?A The final exam scores were lower in the preparation group than the meaning group.B The final exam scores were equally low in both groups.C The final exam scores were lower than the national average.D The final exam scores were lower than the final exam scores of students of his colleague, Dr. Fao.

C

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 × 4 within-groups factorial design. Which of the following things will change?A the number of main effects that need to be examinedB the number of interactions that need to be examinedC the number of participants neededD the number of cells

C

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid.In this study, "depressed individuals will have higher estrogen levels" was theA theory.B research question.C hypothesis.D data.

C

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines?A Scientific journals are published quarterly

popular magazines are published monthly.B Scientific journals are published on specific topics

popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology.C Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed

popular magazine articles are not.D Scientific journal article findings explain all cases all of the time

popular magazine articles explain only certain cases.

C

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings:• Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37]• Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45]• Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60]In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry's variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered?A sample size and number of variables analyzedB direction of the association and strength of the associationC sample size and effect sizeD the number of outliers and the direction of the association

D

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards.A 3

10B 3

8C 3

5D 5

10

D

Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. He complains, "Tests like the GRE don't really measure how well people actually do in graduate school." Dominic is questioning the ________ of the test.A discriminant validityB content validityC convergent validityD criterion validity

A

Which of the following is true when asking people questions about themselves?A The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory.B People are very good judges of the reasons for their behavior.C People are better able to remember vivid memories.D If people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive.

C

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey.What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest?A all students at the universityB all psychology majors and minorsC all students he is currently teachingD all students in his Introduction to Neuroscience class

B

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?A one manipulated and one measured variableB two measured variablesC two manipulated variablesD two categorical variables

D

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask).When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study?A number of words on the listB time given to type the words rememberedC time given to memorize the wordsD number of words remembered

C

To be a history threat, the external event must occurA constantly during the experiment.B at the beginning of the experiment.C systematically, affecting most members of the group.D intentionally, induced by the experimenters.

A

Dr. Green is interested in conducting a 2 × 2 × 3 mixed factorial design, with 20 participants in each cell. Which of the following would NOT be a possible number of participants for this study?A 20B 40C 60D 80

D

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier, but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step?A Susan writes a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory because some of her data did not support it.B Susan ignores the data that did not fit the theory.C Susan recalculates her data to fit the theory.D Susan designs a new study to test her new hypothesis.

D

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions?A first page of the articleB first page of the method sectionC last paragraph of the results sectionD last paragraph of the introduction

C

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following?A the covariance of the studyB the temporal precedence of the studyC the internal validity of the studyD the external validity of the study

B

In order to use the known groups paradigm to establish criterion validity, which of the following is necessary?A At least three groups must be used.B After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.C Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated.D The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology.

D

Which of the following is a unique threat to construct validity found only in behavioral observation?A acquiescenceB fence sittingC socially desirable respondingD observer bias

D

Shoppers often leave reviews for products that they purchased online. Which of the following best describes the external validity of product reviews on an online shopping site?A The external validity is high because this is a randomly selected sample of online shoppers.B The external validity is high because online shoppers are more likely to be honest about their opinions.C The external validity is low because online shoppers are more likely to change their mind.D The external validity is low because this is a self-selected sample of online shoppers.

A

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask).When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their moodDr. Lonsbary is considering doing a follow-up study in which instead of asking participants to listen to music to induce mood, she has them write either a story about a character who just won the lottery or a story about a character who just experienced the death of their spouse. This change in the mood variable is designed to enhance the study's ________ validity.A externalB statisticalC internalD construct

A

A participant's score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following?A measurement error and their true scoreB systematic variance and error varianceC manipulation effect and observer biasD their mean score and their standard deviation

D

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his design?A 2B 4C 6D 8

D

Scientists often say that more data are needed to draw conclusions about the accuracy of new theories and are reluctant to accept new claims without empirical support. What scientific norm does this illustrate?A universalityB communalityC disinterestednessD organized skepticism

D

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him?A How many people have you met and befriended?B Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind?C Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends?D What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?

A

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish is also curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?"Manish's concern is addressing which of the following?A the study's statistical validityB the study's internal validityC the study's external validityD the study's construct validity

A

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report?A principle of beneficenceB principle of integrityC principle of respect for personsD principle of justice

D

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this?A to obtain evidence for face validityB to obtain evidence for content validityC to obtain evidence for convergent validityD to obtain evidence for criterion validity

B

Negatively worded questions have low construct validity becauseA they lead people to respond with a certain viewpoint rather than with their true opinions.B they capture people's ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions.C they are too simple to truly capture people's true opinions.D they are unable to capture people's true opinions because they evoke an emotional response.