Reproductive System

Corpora cavernosa

* The major part of the penis
* Formed by **two of the three columns** of this erectile tissue

Corpus spongiosum

* The third column, on the underside of the shaft
* Encase the urethra

Glans penis

* A cone-shaped structure at the distal end of the shaft, formed from **the corpus spongiosum**
* Highly sensitive to sexual stimulation

The corona

A ridge of tissue formed from the glans penis’ lateral margin

Urethral meatus

A hole open through the glans to allow urination and ejaculation

Scrotum

The external pouch that contain testes

Penoscrotal junction

Where do the scrotum and penis join?

* Two sacs each contain a testis
* An epididymis
* A spermatic cord

What does the scrotum contain?

The median raphe

The seam where the 2 sacs join, visible on the exterior of the scrotum

Epididymis

A reservoir that stores sperm before ejaculation, secretes some of the seminal fluid and serves as passageways for sperm

Testes (testicles)

Two egg-shaped glands withinn the scrotum

Lobules

Numerous compartments that each testicle is divided into

Seminiferous tubules

Where does the sperm formation (spermatogenesis) take place?

Vas deferens (ductus deferens)

Two tubes **begin at the epididymides**, **pass through the inguinal canal and enter the ejaculatory duct** inside the prostate gland

Spermatic cord

A compact bundle of vessels, nerves and muscle fibers that encloses each vas deferens

Ejaculatory ducts

Two short tubes formed by the **vas deferens** and the **ducts of seminal vesicles**

Pass through the prostate gland and enter the urethra

Seminal vesicles

Two pouches located along the bladder’s lower edge

Produce **most of the liquid part of semen** and produce **prostaglandin**

Prostate gland

* Located under the bladder and surrounds the urethra
* Consists of 3 lobules

Prostatic fluid

* A thin, milky substance that comprises about 1/3 of the semen volume and activates the sperm
* Secreted by the lobules

Androgen

Male sex hormones that are produced in **the testes and adrenal glands**

Leydig’s cells

A type of cells that is found in tissue between the seminiferous tubules

Testosterone

Which male sex hormone that is secreted by the Leydig’s cells?

* Luteinizing hormone (LH) or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

What hormones directly afftect testosterone secretion?

Mons pubis

A triangular pad of tissue that’s covered by skin and pubic hair

Symphysis pubis

The joint formed by the union of pubic bones

Pudendum

The external female genitals

Labia majora

What form the sides of the vulva?

Labia minora

Two moist mucosal folds, lie within and alongside the labia majora

Perineum

What consists of muscles, fasciae and ligaments between the anus and vulva?

Clitoris

A small, erectile organ located at the anterior of the vulva

Skene’s glands

Mucus-producing glands found **on both sides of the ureathral meatus**

Bartholin’s glands

Mucus-producing glands located **on each side of and behind the vaginal opening**

Hymen

The tissue membrane varying in size and thickness, sometimes completely cover the vaginal opening

Vagina

A highly elastic muscular tube located between the urethra and the rectum

Rugae

Folds of tissue in the vaginal walls, allow the vagina to stretch

Uterus

A small, firm, pear-shaped muscular organ resting between the bladder and rectum

Lie at a 90-degree angle to the vagina

Endometrium

The mucous membrane that lines the uterus

Myometrium

The muscular membrane that lines the uterus

Isthmus

The uterine neck (eo tử cung)

The fundus uterus

The upper uterus (đáy tử cung)

Cervix

The part of the uterus that extends into the vagina (cổ tử cung)

The corpus uterus

The main body of the uterus made up by the fundus and isthmus (thân tử cung)

From the cervix to the cervical canal

Where does the **internal os** open?

From the cervical canal to the vagina

Where does the **external os** open?

Endocervix

A mucous membrane lines the cervical canal

Fallopian tubes

A pair of ducts attached to the uterus at the upper angles of the fundus

Fimbriae

Fingerlike projections on the free ends of the fallopian tube that partially surround the ovaries

Ovum (egg)

Female sex cell

Ovaries

Two almond-shaped organs which produce mature ova

Graafian follicles

Mature ovarian vesicles that each contain an ovum and produces a mature ovum during the first half of each menstrual cycle

* Progesterone
* Estrogen

What hormoes do the ovaries release at puberty?

The menstrual (preovulatory) phase

Which phase begins on the 1st day of menstruation?

GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone)

Which hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus as the cycle begins?

Stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH

What does the role of GnRH in the menstrual phase?

The proliferative (follicular) phase

Which phase last from day 6 to day 14?

LH and FSH act on the ovarian follicle contaning the ovum and stimulate estrogen secretion

What happens during the proliferative phase?

* Estrogen production decrease
* Follicle matures → ovulation (1 follicle released)

What happens after day 14 of the proliferative phase?

14 days

How long is the **luteal phase?**

* Estrogen levels decline at first
* FSH and LH levels drop
* Follicle ruptures and produces progesterone → **corpus luteum begins to function → Estrogen and progesterone levels rise**
* After 10-12 days after ovulation, the corpus luteum diminishes (progesterone and estrogen levels drop)

What happens to the hormones during the luteal phase?

* The endometrium become thicker and preparing to nourish a fertilized ovum
* When a fertilized ovum isn’t present → the lining is shed → **menses**

What happens to the endometrium during the luteal phase?

Mammary glands (breasts)

Milk-producing structures

Acini

Milk-secreting cells

Prolactin

Which hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate lactogenesis?

Areola

The pigmented area around the nipple

Menopause

A menstrual period hasn’t occured for 1 year

Climacteric (perimenopause)

A woman’s transition from reproductive fertility to infertility

* Estrogen and progesterone decrease
* Testosterone increases
* Producing **estrone**

What happens to the hormones during menopause?

Cooper’s ligaments

Ligaments that support the breasts

Lactiferous ducts and sinuses

Which organs store milk during lactation and convey it to and through the nipple?

Montgomery’s tubercles

Which glands produce sebum and lubricate the areola and nipple during breast-feeding?

Anorchism

Absence of one or two testes

Anovulation

Absence of ovulation

Azoospermia

Semen without live sperm

Ballottement

A physical examination hand manuever used to **evaluate the shape and size** of deep structure or organ

Bimanual examination

The palpation of the uterus and ovaries using a **gloved finger inside the vagina and the other hand outside of the body on the pelvic area**

Coitus

Sexual union

Detumesence

The subsiding of blood-engorged tissue after orgasm

(become flaccid)

Digital rectal exam

The examination of the prostate using a gloved finger inserted into the rectum

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation

Dyspareunia

Sexual intercourse is difficult or painful

Frigidity

Lack of sexual response

Gynecology

A branch of medicine concerned with the health care of women, including sexual and reproductive functions and diseases of the reproductive organs

Gynecomastia

Abnormal enlargement or development of the male breast

Hypospadias

The opening of the male urethra on the underside of the penis

Infertile

A diminished capacity to produce off-spring

Introitus

The entrance into a canal (vagina)

Leukorrhea

A white or yellowish discharge from the vagina

Libido

Sexual desire

Lithotomy position

A supine position with the hips and knees fully flexed

Used to perform **female internal pelvic examination**

Mastalgia

Pain in the breast

Menarche

When the first menstrual cycle begins

Metrorrhagia

Abnormal uterine bleeding, especially between menstrual periods

Orgasm

The climax of sexual excitement

Priapism

A persistent, abnormal erection of the penis that isn’t accompanied by sexual desire

Speculum

An instrument used to enlarge the vaginal canal opening during the pelvic examination

Sterile

The patient is unable to reproduce due to absence of spermatogenesis or fallopian tube blockade

Supernumerary nipples

More than one nipple located on a breast

A darkfield examination

A microscopic test of fluid taken from a lesion in suspected primary syphilis (a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact)

The syphilis organism appears bright against a dark background

Pap smear

A procedure in which a small brush is used to gently remove cells from the surface of the cervix and the area around it

Used for **early detection of cervical cancer and inflammatory tissue change**